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2025-12-31
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Y-BALANCE TEST ASYMMETRY AND FRONTAL PLANE KNEE PROJECTION ANGLE DURING SINGLE-LEG SQUAT AS PREDICTORS OF PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN IN MALE MILITARY RECRUITS
Author
Affilliation
Centre University of North. Department of Physical Therapy. Manaus, AM, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Fiocruz Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil.
UNA University Centre. Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil.
Tiradentes University Center. Maceio, AL, Brazil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Fiocruz Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil.
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi. Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences. Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil.
UNA University Centre. Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil.
Tiradentes University Center. Maceio, AL, Brazil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Fiocruz Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil.
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi. Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences. Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil.
Abstract
Objectives: Investigate prospectively whether dynamic balance and frontal plane knee projection angle
(FPKPA) are risk factors for the development of patellofemoral pain (PFP) in male military recruits.
Study design: Prospective cohort.
Setting: Military training center.
Participants: 135 male military recruits were followed prospectively for six weeks and the incidence of
PFP was documented.
Main outcomes: Baseline measures of the Y-Balance test (YBT) and two-dimensional FPKPA during
single-leg squatting were recorded. ManneWhitney U tests and logistic regression analysis were utilized
to identify possible variables associated with the development of PFP.
Results: A total of 14 male recruits developed PFP during the follow up period. The PFP group had
significantly greater asymmetry on the YBT posterolateral direction (mean difference ¼ 3.44 ± 0.57 cm;
95% Confidence Interval [CI] ¼ 2.38e4.51 cm) and greater FPKPA during single-leg squat (mean
difference ¼ 5.55±1.78; [CI] ¼ 1.81e9.28) at baseline when compared to controls. Binary logistic
regression models revealed that YBT posterolateral asymmetry 4.08 cm (Nagelkerke R2 ¼ 0.304;
X2 ¼ 21.63; p < 0.001; OR ¼ 5.46; [CI] ¼ 4.47e8.06) and FPKPA 4.81 (Nagelkerke R2 ¼ 0.249;
X2 ¼ 17.46; p < 0.001; OR ¼ 4.65; [CI] ¼ 3.32e9.06) were significantly associated with PFP.
Conclusions: Male military recruits with greater asymmetry on the YBT posterolateral direction and
FPKPA were at a greater risk of developing PFP.
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