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THE EFFECTS OF NEUROTROPHINS AND THE NEUROPEPTIDES VIP AND PACAP ON HIV-1 INFECTION: HISTORIES WITH OPPOSITE ENDS
Nerve growth factor
Neuropeptides
Neurotrophins
Pituitary adenylate
Cyclase-activating peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Fatores de Crescimento Neural
Neuropeptídeos
Fator de Crescimento Neural
Author
Affilliation
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virus Respiratórios e do Sarampo. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Pesquisa sobre o Timo. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Hertha Meyer. Niterói, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Pesquisa sobre o Timo. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Hertha Meyer. Niterói, Brasil.
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins, and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) are largely present in human tissue and can exert modulatory activities on nervous, endocrine and immune system functions. NGF, VIP and PACAP receptors are expressed systemically in organisms, and thus these mediators exhibit pleiotropic natures. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causal agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), infects immune cells, and its replication is modulated by a number of endogenous factors that interact with HIV-1-infected cells. NGF, VIP and PACAP can also affect HIV-1 virus particle production upon binding to their receptors on the membranes of infected cells, which triggers cell signaling pathways that modify the HIV-1 replicative cycle. These molecules exert opposite effects on HIV-1 replication, as NGF and other neurotrophins enhance and VIP and PACAP reduce viral production in HIV-1-infected human primary macrophages. The understanding of AIDS pathogenesis should consider the mechanisms by which the replication of HIV-1, a pathogen that causes chronic morbidity, is influenced by neurotrophins, VIP and PACAP, i.e. molecules that exert a broad spectrum of physiological activities on the neuroimmunoendocrine axis. In this review, we will present the main effects of these two groups of mediators on the HIV-1 replicative cycle, as well as the mechanisms that underlie their abilities to modulate HIV-1 production in infected immune cells, and discuss the possible repercussion of the cross talk between NGF and both neuropeptides on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
Keywords
Human immunodeficiency virusNerve growth factor
Neuropeptides
Neurotrophins
Pituitary adenylate
Cyclase-activating peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
DeCS
Peptídeo Intestinal VasoativoFatores de Crescimento Neural
Neuropeptídeos
Fator de Crescimento Neural
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