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PATTERN OF CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES IN ‘BETA’ ANOLIS (NOROPS GROUP) (SQUAMATA: POLYCHROTIDAE) DEPICTED BY AN ANCESTRAL STATE ANALYSIS
Author
Affilliation
Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’. Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘Charles Darwin". Rome, Italy.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Ciencias. Museo de Zoologia. Coyoacán, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade de Brasília. Departamento de Zoologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil.
5El Colegio de la Frontera Sur - San Cristóbal de las Casas Carr. Panamericana. San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.
Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’. Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘Charles Darwin". Rome, Italy.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Ciencias. Museo de Zoologia. Coyoacán, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade de Brasília. Departamento de Zoologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil.
5El Colegio de la Frontera Sur - San Cristóbal de las Casas Carr. Panamericana. San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.
Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’. Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘Charles Darwin". Rome, Italy.
Abstract
Background: Neotropical lizards, genus Anolis (Polychrotidae), with nearly 380 species, are members of one of the
most diversified genera among amniotes. Herein, we present an overview of chromosomal evolution in ‘beta’ Anolis
(Norops group) as a baseline for future studies of the karyotypic evolution of anoles. We evaluated all available
information concerning karyotypes of Norops, including original data on a recently described species, Anolis
unilobatus. We used the phylogeny of Norops based on DNA sequence data to infer the main pattern of
chromosomal evolution by means of an ancestral state analysis (ASR).
Results: We identified 11 different karyotypes, of which 9 in the species had so far been used in molecular studies.
The ASR indicated that a change in the number of microchromosomes was the first evolutionary step, followed by
an increase in chromosome numbers, likely due to centric fissions of macrochromosomes. The ASR also showed
that in nine species, heteromorphic sex chromosomes most probably originated from six independent events.
Conclusions: We observed an overall good correspondence of some characteristics of karyotypes and species
relationships. Moreover, the clade seems prone to sex chromosome diversification, and the origins of five of these
heteromorphic sex chromosome variants seem to be recent as they appear at the tip nodes in the ancestral
character reconstruction. Karyotypic diversification in Norops provides an opportunity to test the chromosomal
speciation models and is expected to be useful in studying relationships among anole species and in identifying
cryptic taxa.
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