This article presents and discusses the principles of Work-Based Learning (WBL), a teaching strategy consolidated as a field of research in the education and health areas in Europe, the United States and Australia. Therefore, by presenting a background of the impacts and challenges on working conditions and professional training arising from the technologies that constitute Industry 4.0 and Health 4.0. The study seeks to contribute to the use and improvement of WBL in health teaching and professional education in Brazil.