Type

Article

Sustainable Development Goals

03 Saúde e Bem-Estar

Author

Affilliation

Keywords

Diagnostic markers
Diabetes
Diagnosis
Public health
Epidemiology

Citation

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. Nat Med., V. 29, N. 11, p. 2885–2901, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02610-2

ISSN

1078-8956

Notes

Bin Zhou Imperial College London. London, UK. Kate E. Sheffer Imperial College London. London, UK. James E. Bennett Imperial College London. London, UK. Edward W. Gregg Imperial College London. London, UK/RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dublin, Ireland. Goodarz Danaei Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Boston, MA, USA. Rosie K. Singleton Imperial College London. London, UK. Jonathan E. Shaw Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Anu Mishra Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle. WA, USA. Victor P. F. Lhoste Imperial College London. London, UK. Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco Emory University. Atlanta, GA, USA. Andre P. Kengne South African Medical Research Council. Cape Town, South Africa. Nowell H. Phelps Imperial College London. London, UK. Rachel A. Heap Imperial College London. London, UK. Archie W. Rayner Imperial College London. London, UK. Gretchen A. Stevens World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Chris J. Paciorek University of California Berkeley. Berkeley, CA, USA. Leanne M. Riley World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Melanie J. Cowan World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Stefan Savin World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Stephen Vander Hoorn University of Auckland. Auckland, New Zealand. Yuan Lu Yale School of Public Health. New Haven, CT, USA. Meda E. Pavkov US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA, USA. Giuseppina Imperatore US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA, USA. Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion. Mexico City, Mexico. Noor Ani Ahmad Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Ranjit Mohan Anjana Madras Diabetes Research Foundation. Chennai, India. Kairat Davletov Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Farshad Farzadfar Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Clicerio González-Villalpando National Institute of Public Health. Cuernavaca, Mexico. Young-Ho Khang Seoul National University College of Medicine. Seoul, Republic of Korea. Hyeon Chang Kim Yonsei University College of Medicine. Seoul, Republic of Korea. Tiina Laatikainen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Helsinki, Finland. Avula Laxmaiah ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition. Hyderabad, India. Jean Claude N. Mbanya University of Yaoundé 1. Yaoundé, Cameroon. K. M. Venkat Narayan Emory University. Atlanta, GA, USA. Ambady Ramachandran India Diabetes Research Foundation. Chennai, India. Alisha N. Wade University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, South Africa. Tomasz Zdrojewski Medical University of Gdansk. Gdansk, Poland. Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Hanan F. Abdul Rahim Qatar University. Doha, Qatar. Niveen M. Abu-Rmeileh Birzeit University. Birzeit, State of Palestine. Shalkar Adambekov Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Robert J. Adams Flinders University. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Wichai Aekplakorn Mahidol University. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Imelda A. Agdeppa Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Taguig, The Philippines. Javad Aghazadeh-Attari Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Urmia, Iran. Charles Agyemang University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. The Netherlands. Ali Ahmadi Modeling in Health Research Center. Shahrekord, Iran. Naser Ahmadi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran Nastaran Ahmadi Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Yazd, Iran. Soheir H. Ahmed University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway. Kamel Ajlouni The National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics. Amman, Jordan. Halima Al-Hinai Ministry of Health, Muscat. Oman. Badreya Al-Lahou Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait City, Kuwait. Jawad A. Al-Lawati Ministry of Health, Muscat. Oman. Deena Al Asfoor World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Cairo, Egypt Nawal M. Al Qaoud Ministry of Health. Kuwait City, Kuwait. Monira Alarouj Dasman Diabetes Institute. Kuwait City, Kuwait. Fadia AlBuhairan Aldara Hospital and Medical Center. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Shahla AlDhukair King Abdullah International Medical Research Center. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Maryam A. Aldwairji Ministry of Health. Kuwait City, Kuwait. Mohamed M. Ali World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Farbod Alinezhad Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Tabriz, Iran. Abdullah Alkandari Dasman Diabetes Institute. Kuwait City, Kuwait. Husam F. Alomirah Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait City, Kuwait. Eman Aly World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Cairo, Egypt. Deepak N. Amarapurkar Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre. Mumbai, India. Lars Bo Andersen Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. Sogndal, Norway. Sigmund A. Anderssen Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. Oslo, Norway. Dolores S. Andrade Universidad de Cuenca. Cuenca, Ecuador. Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Zahedan, Iran. Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri National Institute of Public Health. Tunis, Tunisia. Tahir Aris Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Nimmathota Arlappa ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition. Hyderabad, India. Krishna K. Aryal University of Bergen. Bergen, Norway. Felix K. Assah University of Yaoundé 1. Yaoundé, Cameroon. Batyrbek Assembekov Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Juha Auvinen Oulu University Hospital. Oulu, Finland/University of Oulu, Oulu. Finland. Mária Avdičová Regional Authority of Public Health. Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. Kishwar Azad Diabetic Association of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. Neyshabur, Iran. Fereidoun Azizi Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Flora Bacopoulou National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Athens, Greece. Nagalla Balakrishna ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition. Hyderabad, India. Mohamed Bamoshmoosh University of Science and Technology. Sana’a, Yemen. Maciej Banach Medical University of Lodz. Lodz, Poland. Piotr Bandosz Medical University of Gdansk. Gdansk, Poland. José R. Banegas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP. Madrid, Spain. Carlo M. Barbagallo University of Palermo. Palermo, Italy. Alberto Barceló University of Miami. Miami, FL, USA. Maja Baretić University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Lena Barrera Universidad del Valle. Cali, Colombia. Abdul Basit Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology. Karachi, Pakistan. Anwar M. Batieha Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan. Aline P. Batista Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. Louise A. Baur University of Sydney, Sydney. New South Wales, Australia. Antonisamy Belavendra Christian Medical College Vellore. Vellore, India. Habiba Ben Romdhane University Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia. Mikhail Benet Cafam University Foundation. Bogotá, Colombia. Salim Berkinbayev Kazakh National Medical University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Peru. Ximena Berrios Carrasola Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Heloísa Bettiol University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Augustin F. Beybey University of Yaoundé 1. Yaoundé, Cameroon. Santosh K. Bhargava Sunder Lal Jain Hospital. Delhi, India. Elysée Claude Bika Lele Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies. Yaoundé, Cameroon. Mukharram M. Bikbov Ufa Eye Research Institute. Ufa, Russia. Bihungum Bista Nepal Health Research Council. Kathmandu, Nepal. Peter Bjerregaard University of Southern Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark. Espen Bjertness University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway. Marius B. Bjertness University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway. Cecilia Björkelund University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden. Katia V. Bloch Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Anneke Blokstra National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Simona Bo University of Turin. Turin, Italy. Martin Bobak University College London. London, UK. Jose G. Boggia Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay. Marialaura Bonaccio IRCCS Neuromed. Pozzilli, Italy. Alice Bonilla-Vargas Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. San José, Costa Rica. Herman Borghs KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. Pascal Bovet Ministry of Health. Victoria, Seychelles/Unisanté. Lausanne, Switzerland. Imperia Brajkovich Universidad Central de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela. Hermann Brenner German Cancer Research Center. Heidelberg, Germany. Lizzy M. Brewster University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Garry R. Brian The Fred Hollows Foundation. Auckland, New Zealand. Yajaira Briceño University of the Andes. Mérida, Venezuela. Miguel Brito Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa. Lisbon, Portugal. Anna Bugge University College Copenhagen. Copenhagen, Denmark. Frank Buntinx KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. Antonio Cabrera de León Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Spain. Roberta B. Caixeta Pan American Health Organization. Washington, DC, USA. Günay Can Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa. Istanbul, Türkiye. Ana Paula C. Cândido Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Mario V. Capanzana Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Taguig, The Philippines. Naděžda Čapková National Institute of Public Health. Prague, Czech Republic. Eduardo Capuano Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy. Rocco Capuano Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy. Vincenzo Capuano Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy. Viviane C. Cardoso University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Axel C. Carlsson Karolinska Institutet. Huddinge, Sweden. Felipe F. Casanueva Santiago de Compostela University. Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Laura Censi Council for Agricultural Research and Economics. Rome, Italy. Marvin Cervantes‐Loaiza Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. San José, Costa Rica. Parinya Chamnan Sanpasitthiprasong Regional Hospital. Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. Snehalatha Chamukuttan India Diabetes Research Foundation. Chennai, India. Queenie Chan Imperial College London. London, UK. Fadi J. Charchar Federation University Australia. Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Nish Chaturvedi Imperial College London. London, UK. Huashuai Chen Xiangtan University. Xiangtan, China. Bahman Cheraghian Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Ahvaz, Iran. María-Dolores Chirlaque CIBERESP. Madrid, Spain. Jerzy Chudek Medical University of Silesia. Katowice, Poland. Renata Cifkova Charles University. Prague, Czech Republic/Thomayer University Hospital. Prague, Czech Republic. Massimo Cirillo University of Salerno. Fisciano, Italy. Frank Claessens KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. Emmanuel Cohen UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206. Paris, France. Hans Concin Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine. Bregenz, Austria. Cyrus Cooper University of Southampton. Southampton, UK. Simona Costanzo IRCCS Neuromed. Pozzilli, Italy. Chris Cowell University of Sydney, Sydney. New South Wales, Australia. Ana B. Crujeiras CIBEROBN. Madrid, Spain. Juan J. Cruz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP. Madrid, Spain. Felipe V. Cureau Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, RN, Brazil. Sarah Cuschieri University of Malta. Msida, Malta. Graziella D’Arrigo National Research Council. Reggio Calabria, Italy. Eleonora d’Orsi Federal University of Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Jean Dallongeville Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille, France. Albertino Damasceno Eduardo Mondlane University. Maputo, Mozambique. Saeed Dastgiri Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center. Tabriz, Iran. Amalia De Curtis IRCCS Neuromed. Pozzilli, Italy. Giovanni de Gaetano IRCCS Neuromed. Pozzilli, Italy. Stefaan De Henauw Ghent University. Ghent, Belgium. Mohan Deepa Madras Diabetes Research Foundation. Chennai, India. Vincent DeGennaro Jr Innovating Health International. Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Stefaan Demarest Sciensano. Brussels, Belgium. Elaine Dennison University of Southampton. Southampton, UK. Valérie Deschamps French Public Health Agency. St Maurice, France. Meghnath Dhimal Nepal Health Research Council. Kathmandu, Nepal. Zivka Dika University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Shirin Djalalinia Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Tehran, Iran. Chiara Donfrancesco Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Rome, Italy. Guanghui Dong Sun Yat-sen University. Guangzhou, China. Maria Dorobantu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Bucharest, Romania. Marcus Dörr University Medicine Greifswald. Greifswald, Germany. Nico Dragano University Hospital Düsseldorf. Düsseldorf, Germany. Wojciech Drygas Lazarski University. Warsaw, Poland Yong Du Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany. Charmaine A. Duante Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Taguig, The Philippines. Priscilla Duboz IRL 3189 ESS. Marseille, France. Anar Dushpanova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna. Pisa, Italy. Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Medical University of Lodz. Lodz, Poland. Narges Ebrahimi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Ricky Eddie Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo. Solomon Islands. Ebrahim Eftekhar Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Bandar Abbas, Iran. Vasiliki Efthymiou National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Athens, Greece. Eruke E. Egbagbe University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria. Sareh Eghtesad Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Mohammad El-Khateeb The National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics. Amman, Jordan. Jalila El Ati National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology. Tunis, Tunisia. Denise Eldemire-Shearer The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Roberto Elosua Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain/CIBERCV. Barcelona, Spain. Ofem Enang University of Calabar. Calabar, Nigeria. Rajiv T. Erasmus University of Stellenbosch. Cape Town, South Africa. Raimund Erbel University of Duisburg-Essen. Essen, Germany. Cihangir Erem Karadeniz Technical University. Trabzon, Türkiye. Gul Ergor Dokuz Eylul University. Izmir, Türkiye. Louise Eriksen University of Southern Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark. Johan G. Eriksson University of Helsinki. Helsinki, Finland. Ali Esmaeili Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan. Iran. Roger G. Evans Monash University. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Ildar Fakhradiyev Kazakh National Medical University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Caroline H. Fall University of Southampton. Southampton, UK. Elnaz Faramarzi Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Tabriz, Iran. Mojtaba Farjam Fasa University of Medical Sciences. Fasa, Iran. Yosef Farzi Mohammad Reza Fattahi Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran. Asher Fawwad Baqai Medical University. Karachi, Pakistan. Francisco J. Felix-Redondo Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte. Badajoz, Spain. Trevor S. Ferguson The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Daniel Fernández-Bergés Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena. Badajoz, Spain. Marika Ferrari Council for Agricultural Research and Economics. Rome, Italy. Catterina Ferreccio Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Haroldo S. Ferreira Federal University of Alagoas. Maceió, AL, Brazil. Eldridge Ferrer Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Taguig, The Philippines. Edith J. M. Feskens Wageningen University. Wageningen, The Netherlands. David Flood Wuqu’ Kawoq. Tecpan, Guatemala. Maria Forsner Umeå University. Umeå, Sweden. Sandrine Fosse French Public Health Agency. St Maurice, France. Edward F. Fottrell University College London. London, UK. Heba M. Fouad World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Cairo, Egypt Damian K. Francis The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Guillermo Frontera Hospital Universitario Son Espases. Palma, Spain. Takuro Furusawa Kyoto University. Kyoto, Japan. Zbigniew Gaciong Medical University of Warsaw. Warsaw, Poland. Sarah P. Garnett University of Sydney, Sydney. New South Wales, Australia. Magda Gasull CIBERESP. Madrid, Spain. Andrea Gazzinelli Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ulrike Gehring Utrecht University, Utrecht. The Netherlands. Ebrahim Ghaderi Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Sanandaj, Iran. Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Ali Ghanbari Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Erfan Ghasemi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Bucharest, Romania. Anup Ghimire B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Dharan, Nepal. Alessandro Gialluisi University of Insubria. Varese, Italy. Simona Giampaoli Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Rome, Italy. Francesco GianfagnaUniversity of Insubria. Varese, Italy/Mediterranea Cardiocentro. Naples, Italy. Tiffany K. Gill University of Adelaide. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Glen Gironella Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Taguig, The Philippines. Aleksander Giwercman Lund University. Lund, Sweden. David Goltzman McGill University. Montreal, Québec, Canada. Aleksandra Gomula PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy. Wroclaw, Poland. Helen Gonçalves Federal University of Pelotas. Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Mauer Gonçalves University Agostinho Neto. Luanda, Angola. David A. Gonzalez-Chica University of Adelaide. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Marcela Gonzalez-Gross Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, Spain. Juan P. González-Rivas International Clinical Research Center. Brno, Czech Republic. María-Elena González-Villalpando Centro de Estudios en Diabetes A.C. Mexico City, Mexico. Angel R. Gonzalez Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Frederic Gottrand University of Lille., Lille, France. Dušan Grafnetter Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Prague, Czech Republic. Tomasz Grodzicki Jagiellonian University Medical College. Kraków, Poland. Anders Grøntved University of Southern Denmark. Odense, Denmark. University of Southern Denmark. Odense, Denmark. Ramiro Guerrero Universidad Icesi. Cali, Colombia. Unjali P. Gujral Emory University. Atlanta, GA, USA/Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute. Jaipur, India. Rajeev Gupta Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute. Jaipur, India. Laura Gutierrez Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Xinyi Gwee National University of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore Rosa Haghshenas Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Hamid Hakimi Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan. Iran Ian R. Hambleton The University of the West Indies. Cave Hill, Barbados Behrooz Hamzeh Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Kermanshah, Iran. Willem A. Hanekom Africa Health Research Institute. Durban, South Africa. Dominique Hange University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden. Sari Hantunen University of Eastern Finland. Kuopio, Finland. Jie Hao Capital Medical University. Beijing, China. Rachakulla Hari Kumar ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition. Hyderabad, India. Javad Harooni Yasuj University of Medical Sciences. Yasuj, Iran. Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Zahedan, Iran. Jun Hata Kyushu University. Fukuoka, Japan. Christin Heidemann Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany. Rafael dos Santos Henrique Federal University of Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brazil. Sauli Herrala Oulu University Hospital. Oulu, Finland Karl-Heinz Herzig Oulu University Hospital. Oulu, Finland/University of Oulu. Oulu. Finland. Ramin Heshmat Chronic Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran Sai Yin Ho University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong, China. Michelle Holdsworth French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development. Montpellier, France. Reza Homayounfar Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Wilma M. Hopman Kingston Health Sciences Centre. Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Claudia Hormiga Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga. Bucaramanga, Colombia. Bernardo L. Horta Federal University of Pelotas. Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Leila Houti University Oran1. Oran, Algeria. Christina Howitt The University of the West Indies. Cave Hill, Barbados ,Thein Thein Htay Independent Public Health Specialist. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Aung Soe Htet University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway. Maung Maung Than Htike Ministry of Health and Sports. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. José María Huerta CIBERESP. Madrid, Spain Ilpo Tapani Huhtaniemi Imperial College London. London, UK. Martijn Huisman VU University Medical Center. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Abdullatif Husseini Birzeit University. Birzeit, State of Palestine. Inge Huybrechts International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France. Licia Iacoviello IRCCS Neuromed. Pozzilli, Italy/University of Insubria. Varese, Italy., Ellina M. Iakupova Ufa Eye Research Institute. Ufa, Russia. Anna G. Iannone Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy. Norazizah Ibrahim Wong Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Chinwuba Ijoma College of Medicine. University of Nigeria. Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria Vilma E. Irazola Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Takafumi Ishida The University of Tokyo. Tokyo, Japan. Godsent C. Isiguzo Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital. Abakaliki, Nigeria Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam Deakin University. Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Duygu Islek Emory University. Atlanta, GA, USA. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute. Jaipur, India. Till Ittermann University Medicine Greifswald. Greifswald, Germany. Masanori Iwasaki Hokkaido University. Sapporo, Japan. Tuija Jääskeläinen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Helsinki, Finland. Jeremy M. Jacobs Hadassah University Medical Center. Jerusalem, Israel. Hashem Y. Jaddou Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan. Michel Jadoul Université Catholique de Louvain. Brussels, Belgium. Bakary Jallow Gambia National Nutrition Agency. Banjul, The Gambia. Kenneth James The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Kazi M. Jamil Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Safat, Kuwait. Edward Janus University of Melbourne. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin Imperial College London. London, UK/University of Oulu, Oulu. Finland. Grazyna Jasienska Jagiellonian University Medical College. Kraków, Poland. Ana Jelaković University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Bojan Jelaković University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Garry Jennings Heart Foundation. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Anjani Kumar Jha Nepal Health Research Council. Kathmandu, Nepal. Ramon O. Jimenez Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Karl-Heinz Jöckel University of Duisburg-Essen. Essen, Germany. Jari J. Jokelainen Oulu University Hospital. Oulu, Finland. Jost B. Jonas Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel. Basel, Switzerland. Pradeep Joshi World Health Organization Country Office. Delhi, India. Josipa Josipović University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Farahnaz Joukar Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Rasht, Iran. Jacek Jóźwiak University of Opole. Opole, Poland. Anthony Kafatos University of Crete. Heraklion, Greece. Eero O. Kajantie Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Helsinki, Finland. Zhanna Kalmatayeva Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Khem B. Karki Maharajgunj Medical Campus. Kathmandu, Nepal. Marzieh Katibeh Aarhus University. Aarhus, Denmark. Jussi Kauhanen University of Eastern Finland. Kuopio, Finland. Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva Ufa Eye Research Institute. Ufa, Russia. François F. Kaze University of Yaoundé 1. Yaoundé, Cameroon. Calvin Ke University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Oulu University Hospital. Oulu, Finland. Roya Kelishadi Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease. Isfahan, Iran. Maryam Keramati Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Mashhad, Iran. Mathilde Kersting Research Institute of Child Nutrition. Dortmund, Germany. Yousef Saleh Khader Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan. Arsalan Khaledifar Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Shahrekord, Iran. Davood Khalili Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Bahareh Kheiri Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Motahareh Kheradmand Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Sari, Iran. Alireza Khosravi Hypertension Research Center. Isfahan, Iran. Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer Medical University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck, Austria. Sophia J. Kiechl VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke. Innsbruck, Austria. Stefan Kiechl Medical University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck, Austria/ VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke. Innsbruck, Austria. Andrew Kingston Newcastle University. Newcastle, UK. Heidi Klakk University College South Denmark. Haderslev, Denmark. Jana Klanova Masaryk University, Brno. Czech Republic. Michael Knoflach Medical University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck, Austria. Patrick Kolsteren Ghent University. Ghent, Belgium. Jürgen König University of Vienna. Vienna, Austria. Raija Korpelainen University of Oulu, Oulu. Finland. Paul Korrovits Tartu University Clinics. Tartu, Estonia. Jelena Kos University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Seppo Koskinen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Helsinki, Finland. Sudhir Kowlessur Ministry of Health and Wellness. Port Louis, Mauritius. Slawomir Koziel PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy. Wroclaw, Poland. Susi Kriemler University of Zurich. Zurich, Switzerland. Peter Lund Kristensen University of Southern Denmark. Odense, Denmark. Daan Kromhout University of Groningen. Groningen, The Netherlands. Ruzena Kubinova National Institute of Public Health. Prague, Czech Republic. Urho M. Kujala University of Jyväskylä. Jyväskylä, Finland. Mukhtar Kulimbet Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University. Almaty, Kazakhstan/Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Pawel Kurjata National Institute of Cardiology. Warsaw, Poland. Catherine Kyobutungi African Population and Health Research Center. Nairobi, Kenya. Quang Ngoc La Hanoi University of Public Health. Hanoi, Vietnam. Demetre Labadarios University of Limpopo. Polokwane, South Africa/Stellennbosch University. Polokwane, South Africa. Carl Lachat Ghent University. Ghent, Belgium. Youcef Laid Ministry of Health. Algiers, Algeria. Lachmie Lall Ministry of Health. Georgetown, Guyana. Tiina Lankila Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation. Oulu, Finland. Vera Lanska Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague, Czech Republic Georg Lappas Sahlgrenska Academy. Gothenburg, Sweden. Bagher Larijani Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Tint Swe Latt University of Public Health. Yangon, Myanmar. Martino Laurenzi Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio. Gubbio, Italy. Nils Lehmann University of Duisburg-Essen. Essen, Germany. Terho Lehtimäki Tampere University Hospital. Tampere, Finland/Tampere University. Tampere, Finland. Daniel Lemogoum University of Douala. Douala, Cameroon. Gabriel M. Leung University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong, China. Yanping Li Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Boston, MA, USA. Hsien-Ho Lin National Taiwan University. Taipei, Taiwan. Lars Lind Uppsala University. Uppsala, Sweden. Lauren Lissner University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden. Xiaotian Liu Zhengzhou University. Zhengzhou, China. Esther Lopez-Garcia Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP. Madrid, Spain. Tania Lopez Universidad San Martín de Porres. Lima, Peru. José Eugenio Lozano Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León. Valladolid, Spain. Dalia Luksiene Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Kaunas, Lithuania. Annamari Lundqvist Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Helsinki, Finland. Nuno Lunet University of Porto. Porto, Portugal. Michala Lustigová National Institute of Public Health. Prague, Czech Republic/ Charles University. Prague, Czech Republic. George L. L. Machado-Coelho Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues University of Coimbra. Coimbra, Portugal. Enguerran Macia IRL 3189 ESS. Marseille, France. Luisa M. Macieira Coimbra University Hospital Center. Coimbra, Portugal. Ahmed A. Madar University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway. Gladys E. Maestre University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Harlingen, TX, USA. Stefania Maggi Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council. Padua, Italy. Dianna J. Magliano Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Emmanuella Magriplis Agricultural University of Athens. Athens, Greece. Gowri Mahasampath Christian Medical College Vellore. Vellore, India. Bernard Maire French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development. Montpellier, France. Marcia Makdisse Academia VBHC. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Mohammad-Reza Malekpour Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Malekzadeh Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Reza Malekzadeh Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran/ Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran. Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition. Hyderabad, India. Sofia Malyutina Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine., Novosibirsk, Russia. Lynell V. Maniego Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Taguig, The Philippines. Yannis Manios Harokopio University. Athens, Greece. Masimango Imani Mannix Université Catholique de Bukavu. Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Rasht, Iran. Enzo Manzato University of Padua. Padua, Italy. Paula Margozzini Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Joany Mariño University Medicine Greifswald. Greifswald, Germany. Larissa Pruner Marques Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Reynaldo Martorell Emory University. Atlanta, GA, USA Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute. Jaipur, India. Luis P. Mascarenhas Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste. Guarapuava, SC, Brazil. Masoud Masinaei Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Ellisiv B. Mathiesen UiT The Arctic University of Norway. Tromsø, Norway. Tandi E. Matsha Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University. Pretoria, South Africa. Anselmo J. Mc Donald Posso Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud. Panama City, Panama. Shelly R. McFarlane The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Stephen T. McGarvey Brown University. Providence, RI, USA. Sounnia Mediene Benchekor University Oran1. Oran, Algeria. Kirsten Mehlig University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden. Amir Houshang Mehrparvar Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Yazd, Iran. Jesus D. Melgarejo University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Harlingen, TX, USA. Fabián Méndez Universidad del Valle. Cali, Colombia. Ana Maria B. Menezes Federal University of Pelotas. Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Alibek Mereke Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Indrapal I. Meshram ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition. Hyderabad, India. Diane T. Meto University of Abidjan. Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Cláudia S. Minderico Universidade de Lisboa. Lisbon, Portugal. G. K. Mini Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences. Chennai, India. Juan Francisco Miquel Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. J. Jaime Miranda Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Peru. Mohammad Reza Mirjalili Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Yazd, Iran. Pietro A. Modesti Università degli Studi di Firenze. Florence, Italy. Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Mostafa K. Mohamed Ain Shams University. Cairo, Egypt Kazem Mohammad Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Zahra Mohammadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Noushin Mohammadifard Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. Isfahan, Iran. Reza Mohammadpourhodki Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Mashhad, Iran. Viswanathan Mohan Madras Diabetes Research Foundation. Chennai, India. Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Iraj Mohebbi Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Urmia, Iran. Niels C. Møller University of Southern Denmark. Odense, Denmark. Dénes Molnár University of Pécs, Pécs. Hungary. Amirabbas Momenan Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Charles K. Mondo Mulago Hospital. Kampala, Uganda. Roger A. Montenegro Mendoza Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health. Panama City, Panama. Eric Monterrubio-Flores National Institute of Public Health. Cuernavaca, Mexico. Mahmood Moosazadeh Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Sari, Iran. Farhad Moradpour Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Sanandaj, Iran. Alain Morejon University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. Cienfuegos, Cuba. Luis A. Moreno CIBEROBN. Madrid, Spain/University of Zaragoza. Zaragoza, Spain. Karen Morgan RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dublin, Ireland. Suzanne N. Morin McGill University. Montreal, Québec, Canada. Alireza Moslem Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. Sabzevar, Iran. Mildrey Mosquera Universidad del Valle. Cali, Colombia. Malgorzata Mossakowska International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology. Warsaw, Poland. Aya Mostafa Ain Shams University. Cairo, Egypt Seyed-Ali Mostafavi Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Ahvaz, Iran. Jorge Motta Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud. Panama City, Panama. Kelias P. Msyamboza World Health Organization Country Office. Lilongwe, Malawi. Thet Thet Um Department of Public Health. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Maria L. Muiesan University of Brescia. Brescia, Italy. Jaakko Mursu University of Eastern Finland. Kuopio, Finland. Kamarul Imran Musa Universiti Sains Malaysia. Kelantan, Malaysia. Norlaila Mustafa Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Muel Telo M. C. Muyer University de Kinshasa. Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Iraj Nabipour Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Bushehr, Iran. Gabriele Nagel Ulm University. Ulm, Germany. Balkish M. Naidu Department of Statistics. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Farid Najafi Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Kermanshah, Iran. Jana Námešná Regional Authority of Public Health. Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. Vinay B. Nangia Suraj Eye Institute. Nagpur, India. Take Naseri Ministry of Health. Apia, Samoa. Nareemarn Neelapaichit Mahidol University. Bangkok, Thailand. Azim Nejatizadeh Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Bandar Abbas, Iran. Ilona Nenko Jagiellonian University Medical College. Kraków, Poland. Flavio Nervi Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Tze Pin Ng National University of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore Chung T. Nguyen National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology. Hanoi, Vietnam. Quang Ngoc Nguyen Hanoi Medical University. Hanoi, Vietnam. Michael Y. Ni University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong, China. Peng Nie Xi’an Jiaotong University. Xi’an, China. Ramfis E. Nieto-Martínez Precision Care Clinic Corp. St. Cloud, FL, USA. Toshiharu Ninomiya Kyushu University. Fukuoka, Japan. Marianna Noale Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council. Padua, Italy. Oscar A. Noboa Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay. Davide Noto University of Palermo. Palermo, Italy. Mohannad Al Nsour Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network. Amman, Jordan. Irfan Nuhoğlu Karadeniz Technical University. Trabzon, Türkiye. Terence W. O’Neill University of Manchester. Manchester, UK. Augustine N. Odili University of Abuja College of Health Sciences. Abuja, Nigeria. Kyungwon Oh Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea. Ryutaro Ohtsuka Japan Wildlife Research Center. Tokyo, Japan. Mohd Azahadi Omar Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Altan Onat Istanbul University. Istanbul, Türkiye. Sok King Ong Ministry of Health. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. Obinna Onodugo College of Medicine. University of Nigeria. Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria Pedro Ordunez Pan American Health Organization. Washington, DC, USA. Rui Ornelas University of Madeira. Funchal, Portugal. Pedro J. Ortiz Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Peru. Clive Osmond University of Southampton. Southampton, UK. Afshin Ostovar Osteoporosis Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Johanna A. Otero Universidad de Santander. Bucaramanga, Colombia. Charlotte B. Ottendahl University of Southern Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark. Akaninyene Otu University of Calabar. Calabar, Nigeria. Ellis Owusu-Dabo Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Kumasi, Ghana. Luigi Palmieri Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Rome, Italy. Wen-Harn Pan Academia Sinica. Taipei, Taiwan. Songhomitra Panda-Jonas Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas. Heidelberg, Germany. Francesco Panza IRCCS Ente Ospedaliero Specializzato in Gastroenterologia S. de Bellis. Bari, Italy. Mariela Paoli University of the Andes. Mérida, Venezuela. Suyeon Park Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea. Mahboubeh Parsaeian Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Nikhil D. Patel Jivandeep Hospital. Anand, India. Raimund Pechlaner Medical University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck, Austria. Ivan Pećin University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. João M. Pedro Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola. Caxito, Angola. Markku Peltonen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Helsinki, Finland. Alexandre C. Pereira University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Thaliane Mayara Pessôa dos Prazeres Federal University of Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brazil. Niloofar Peykari Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Tehran, Iran. Modou Cheyassin Phall Gambia National Nutrition Agency. Banjul, The Gambia. Son Thai Pham Vietnam National Heart Institute. Hanoi, Vietnam. Hiep Hoang Phan National Hospital of Endocrinology. Hanoi, Vietnam. Rafael N. Pichardo Clínica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel González. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Hynek Pikhart University College London. London, UK. Aida Pilav University of Sarajevo. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pavel Piler Masaryk University, Brno. Czech Republic. Freda Pitakaka Ministry of Health and Medical Services. Honiara, Solomon Islands. Aleksandra Piwonska National Institute of Cardiology. Warsaw, Poland. Andreia N. Pizarro University of Porto. Porto, Portugal Pedro Plans-Rubió Public Health Agency of Catalonia. Barcelona, Spain. Silvia Plata Observatorio de Salud Pública de Santander. Bucaramanga, Colombia. Miquel Porta Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain. Anil Poudyal Nepal Health Research Council. Kathmandu, Nepal. Farhad Pourfarzi Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Ardabil, Iran. Akram Pourshams Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Hossein Poustchi Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Rajendra Pradeepa Madras Diabetes Research Foundation. Chennai, India. Rui Providencia University College London. London, UK. Jardena J. Puder Lausanne University Hospital. Lausanne, Switzerland. Solie Puhakka Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation. Oulu, Finland. Margus Punab Tartu University Clinics. Tartu, Estonia. Mostafa Qorbani Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Karaj, Iran. Hedley K. Quintana Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health. Panama City, Panama. Tran Quoc Bao Ministry of Health. Hanoi, Vietnam. Salar Rahimikazerooni Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran. Olli Raitakari University of Turku. Turku, Finland. Manuel Ramirez-Zea Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama. Guatemala City, Guatemala. Jacqueline Ramke University of Auckland. Auckland, New Zealand. Rafel Ramos Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol. Girona, Spain. Lekhraj Rampal Universiti Putra Malaysia. Serdang, Malaysia. Sanjay Rampal University of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Daniel A. Rangel Reina Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud. Panama City, Panama. Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Josep Redon University of Valencia. Valencia, Spain. Jane D. P. Renner University of Santa Cruz do Sul. Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil. Cézane P. Reuter University of Santa Cruz do Sul. Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil. Luis Revilla Universidad San Martín de Porres. Lima, Peru. Negar Rezaei Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Abbas Rezaianzadeh Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran. Fernando Rigo CSS. Agustín Ibsalut. Palma, Spain. Reina G. Roa Ministerio de Salud. Panama City, Panama. Louise Robinson Newcastle University. Newcastle, UK. Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP. Madrid, Spain. María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez Canarian Health Service. Tenerife, Spain. Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar Universidad Industrial de Santander. Bucaramanga, Colombia. Andrea Y. Rodríguez Ministery of Health and Social Protection. Bogotá, Colombia. Ulla Roggenbuck University of Duisburg-Essen. Essen, Germany. Peter Rohloff Wuqu’ Kawoq. Tecpan, Guatemala. Elisabetta L. Romeo Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia. Reggio Calabria, Italy. Annika Rosengren University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden/Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Gothenburg, Sweden. Adolfo Rubinstein Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Petra Rust University of Vienna. Vienna, Austria. Marcin Rutkowski26, Hamideh Sabbaghi Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Harshpal S. Sachdev Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research. New Delhi, India. Alireza Sadjadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Ali Reza Safarpour Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran. Sare Safi Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Saeid Safiri Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Tabriz, Iran. Mohammad Hossien Saghi Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. Sabzevar, Iran. Olfa Saidi University Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia. Nader Saki Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Ahvaz, Iran. Sanja Šalaj University or Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Benoit Salanave French Public Health Agency. St Maurice, France. Jukka T. Salonen University of Helsinki. Helsinki, Finland. Massimo Salvetti Jose Sánchez-Abanto National Institute of Health. Lima, Peru. Diana A. Santos Universidade de Lisboa. Lisbon, Portugal. Lèlita C. Santos Coimbra University Hospital Center. Coimbra, Portugal. Maria Paula Santos University of Porto. Porto, Portugal. Tamara R. Santos Federal University of Alagoas. Maceió, AL, Brazil. Jouko L. Saramies Wellbeing Services County of South Karelia. Lappeenranta, Finland. Luis B. Sardinha Universidade de Lisboa. Lisbon, Portugal. Nizal Sarrafzadegan Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. Isfahan, Iran. Kai-Uwe Saum German Cancer Research Center. Heidelberg, Germany. Mariana Sbaraini Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Marcia Scazufca University of São Paulo Clinics Hospital. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Beatriz D. Schaan Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Christa Scheidt-Nave Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany. Sabine Schipf University Medicine Greifswald. Greifswald, Germany. Carsten O. Schmidt University Medicine Greifswald. Greifswald, Germany. Ben Schöttker German Cancer Research Center. Heidelberg, Germany. Sara Schramm University of Duisburg-Essen. Essen, Germany. Sylvain Sebert University of Oulu, Oulu. Finland. Moslem Sedaghattalab Yasuj University of Medical Sciences. Yasuj, Iran. Aye Aye Sein Ministry of Health and Sports. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Sadaf G. Sepanlou Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Ronel Sewpaul Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. Teresa Shamah-Levy National Institute of Public Health. Cuernavaca, Mexico. Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. Neyshabur, Iran. Maryam Sharafkhah Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Sanjib K. Sharma B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Dharan, Nepal. Almaz Sharman Academy of Preventive Medicine. Almaty, Kazakhstan. Amaneh Shayanrad Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Shayesteh Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Ahvaz, Iran. Hana Shimizu-Furusawa Teikyo University. Tokyo, Japan. Rahman Shiri Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Helsinki, Finland. Namuna Shrestha Public Health Promotion and Development Organization. Kathmandu, Nepal. Khairil Si-Ramlee Ministry of Health. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. Diego Augusto Santos Silva Federal University of Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Mary Simon India Diabetes Research Foundation. Chennai, India. Judith Simons St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney. New South Wales, Australia. Leon A. Simons University of New South Wales. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Michael Sjöström Karolinska Institutet. Stockholm, Sweden. Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer Medical University of Lodz. Lodz, Poland. Przemysław Slusarczyk International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology. Warsaw, Poland. Liam Smeeth London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. London, UK. Eugène Sobngwi University of Yaoundé 1. Yaoundé, Cameroon. Stefan Söderberg Umeå University. Umeå, Sweden. Agustinus Soemantri Diponegoro University. Semarang, Indonesia. Reecha Sofat University College London. London, UK. Vincenzo Solfrizzi University of Bari, Bari. Italy. Mohammad Hossein Somi Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Tabriz, Iran. Aïcha Soumaré University of Bordeaux. Bordeaux, France. Alfonso Sousa-Poza University of Hohenheim. Stuttgart, Germany. Karen Sparrenberger Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Jan A. Staessen KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. Bill Stavresk Heart Foundation. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Jostein Steene-Johannessen50, Peter Stehle Bonn University. Bonn, Germany. Aryeh D. Stein Emory University. Atlanta, GA, USA. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute. Jaipur, India. Jochanan Stessman Hadassah University Medical Center. Jerusalem, Israel. Jakub Stokwiszewski Bonn University. Bonn, Germany. Karien Stronks University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. The Netherlands. Milton F. Suarez-Ortegón Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali. Cali, Colombia. Phalakorn Suebsamran Ubon Ratchathani University. Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. Johan Sundström Uppsala University. Uppsala, Sweden. Paibul Suriyawongpaisal Mahidol University. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. René Charles Sylva National Statistical Office. Praia, Cabo Verde. Moyses Szklo Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore, MD, USA. Abdonas Tamosiunas Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Kaunas, Lithuania. Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh Ministry of Health. Amman, Jordan. Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani National Institute of Health. Lima, Peru Anne Taylor University of Adelaide. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Julie Taylor University College London. London, UK. Tania Tello Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Peru. K. R. Thankappan Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences. Kochi, India. Holger Theobald Karolinska Institutet. Huddinge, Sweden. Xenophon Theodoridis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki, Greece. Nihal Thomas Christian Medical College Vellore. Vellore, India. Amanda G. Thrift Monash University. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Erik J. Timmermans University Medical Center Utrecht. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini National Research and Innovation Agency. Jakarta, Indonesia. Hanna K. Tolonen Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Helsinki, Finland. Janne S. Tolstrup University of Southern Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark. Maciej Tomaszewski University of Manchester. Manchester, UK. Murat Topbas Karadeniz Technical University. Trabzon, Türkiye. Laura Torres-Collado Universidad Miguel Hernandez. Madrid, Spain. Pierre Traissac French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development. Montpellier, France. Areti Triantafyllou Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki, Greece. John Tuitele Department of Health, Faga’alu. American Samoa/LBJ Hospital, Faga’alu. American Samoa. Azaliia M. Tuliakova Ufa Eye Research Institute. Ufa, Russia. Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen University of Eastern Finland. Kuopio, Finland. Evangelia Tzala Imperial College London. London, UK. Christophe Tzourio University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.Peter Ueda Karolinska Institutet. Stockholm, Sweden. Eunice Ugel Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado. Barquisimeto, Venezuela. Flora A. M. Ukoli Meharry Medical College. Nashville, TN, USA. Hanno Ulmer Medical University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck, Austria. Hannu M. T. Uusitalo University of Tampere Tays Eye Center. Tampere, Finland. Gonzalo Valdivia Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Bert-Jan van den Born University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Johan Van der Heyden Sciensano. Brussels, Belgium. Hoang Van Minh Hanoi University of Public Health. Hanoi, Vietnam. Lenie van Rossem University Medical Center Utrecht. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Natasja M. Van Schoor VU University Medical Center. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Irene G. M. van Valkengoed University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Elisabeth M. van Zutphen VU University Medical Center. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dirk Vanderschueren KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. Diego Vanuzzo MONICA-FRIULI Study Group. Udine, Italy. Senthil K. Vasan University of Southampton. Southampton, UK. Tomas Veja Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León. Valladolid, Spain. Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Roosmarijn Verstraeten Institute of Tropical Medicine. Antwerp, Belgium. Lucie Viet National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Salvador Villalpando National Institute of Public Health. Cuernavaca, Mexico. Jesus Vioque CIBERESP. Alicante, Spain. Jyrki K. Virtanen University of Eastern Finland. Kuopio, Finland. Bharathi Viswanathan Ministry of Health. Victoria, Seychelles. Ari Voutilainen University of Eastern Finland. Kuopio, Finland. Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar Universiti Sains Malaysia. Kelantan, Malaysia. Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud Institute for Medical Research. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Chongjian Wang Zhengzhou University. Zhengzhou, China. Ningli Wang Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital. Beijing, China. Qian Wang Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi. China. Ya Xing Wang Capital Medical University. Beijing, China. Ying-Wei Wang Ministry of Health and Welfare. Taipei, Taiwan. S. Goya Wannamethee University College London. London, UK. Karen Webster-Kerr The Ministry of Health and Wellness. Kingston, Jamaica. Niels Wedderkopp University of Southern Denmark. Odense, Denmark. Wenbin Wei Capital Medical University. Beijing, China. Leo D. Westbury University of Southampton. Southampton, UK. Peter H. Whincup St George’s, University of London. London, UK. Kurt Widhalm Medical University of Vienna. Vienna, Austria. Indah S. Widyahening Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia. Andrzej Więcek Medical University of Silesia. Katowice, Poland. Rainford J. Wilks The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Johann Willeit Medical University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck, Austria. Peter Willeit Medical University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck, Austria. Tom Wilsgaard UiT The Arctic University of Norway. Tromsø, Norway. Bogdan Wojtyniak Bonn University. Bonn, Germany. Andrew Wong University College London. London, UK. Emily B. Wong Africa Health Research Institute. Durban, South Africa. Mark Woodward Imperial College London. London, UK/University of New South Wales. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Frederick C. Wu University of Manchester. Manchester, UK. Haiquan Xu Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Beijing, China. Liang Xu Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology. Beijing, China. Nor Azwany Yaacob Universiti Sains Malaysia. Kelantan, Malaysia. Li Yan Imperial College London. London, UK. Weili Yan Children’s Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China. Moein Yoosefi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center. Tehran, Iran. Akihiro Yoshihara Niigata University. Niigata, Japan. Novie O. Younger-Coleman The University of the West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica. Yu-Ling Yu KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. Yunjiang Yu South China Institute of Environmental Sciences. Guangzhou, China. Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Ahmad A. Zainuddin Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Farhad Zamani Iran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Sabina Zambon University of Padua. Padua, Italy. Antonis Zampelas Agricultural University of Athens. Athens, Greece. Ko Ko Zaw University of Public Health. Yangon, Myanmar. Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. Yi Zeng Peking University. Beijing, China/Duke University. Durham, NC, USA. Zhen-Yu Zhang KU Leuven. Leuven, Belgium. Bekbolat Zholdin West Kazakhstan Medical University. Aktobe, Kazakhstan. Paul Zimmet Monash University. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Emanuel Zitt Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine. Bregenz, Austria. Nada Zoghlami National Institute of Public Health. Tunis, Tunisia. Julio Zuñiga Cisneros Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud. Panama City, Panama. Majid Ezzati Imperial College London. London, UK/University of Ghana. Accra, Ghana.