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PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS GENOTYPE F IN BRAZIL
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Affilliation
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmácia. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmácia. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype F (HBV/F) is considered to be indigenous to the Americas, but its
emergence and spread in the continent remain unknown. Previously, only two HBV/F complete genome sequences
from Brazil were available, limiting the contribution of Brazilian isolates to the phylogenetic studies of HBV/F. The
present study was carried out to assess the proportion and geographic distributions of HBV/F subgenotypes in
Brazil, to determine the full-length genomic sequences of HBV/F isolates from different Brazilian geographic regions,
and to investigate the detailed evolutionary history and phylogeography of HBV/F in Brazil.
Methods: Complete HBV/F genomes isolated from 12 Brazilian patients, representing the HBV/F subgenotypes
circulating in Brazil, were sequenced and analyzed together with sequences retrieved from GenBank, using the
Bayesian coalescent and phylogeographic framework.
Results: Phylogenetic analysis using all Brazilian HBV/F S-gene sequences available in GenBank showed that
HBV/F2a is found at higher frequencies countrywide and corresponds to all sequences isolated in the Brazilian
Amazon Basin. In addition, the evolutionary analysis using complete genome sequences estimated an older median
ancestral age for the Brazilian HBV/F2a compared to the Brazilian HBV/F1b and HBV/F4 subgenotypes, suggesting
that HBV/F2a represents the original native HBV of Brazil. The phylogeographic patterns suggested a north-to-south
flow of HBV/F2a from Venezuela to Brazil, whereas HBV/F1b and HBV/F4 strains appeared to have spread from
Argentina to Brazil.
Conclusions: This study suggests a plausible route of introduction of HBV/F subgenotypes in Brazil and
demonstrates the usefulness of recently developed computational tools for investigating the evolutionary history of
HBV.
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