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AN OVERVIEW OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF AMAZON ANOPHELES VECTORS
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Abstract
In the Americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the Amazon Forest, which
extends across nine countries. One keystone step to understanding the Plasmodium life cycle in Anopheles species
from the Amazon Region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. Several attempts to colonise Anopheles
species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. In this review, we review
the literature on malaria transmission from the perspective of its Amazon vectors. Currently, it is possible to develop
experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of the colonised and field-captured vectors in laboratories located close
to Amazonian endemic areas. We are also reviewing studies related to the immune response to P. vivax infection of
Anopheles aquasalis, a coastal mosquito species. Finally, we discuss the importance of the modulation of Plasmodium
infection by the vector microbiota and also consider the anopheline genomes. The establishment of experimental
mosquito infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei parasites that
could provide interesting models for studying malaria in the Amazonian scenario is important. Understanding the
molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the parasites in New World vectors is crucial in order to better
determine the interaction process and vectorial competence.
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