Title:	Immunoregulation in human malaria: the challenge of understanding asymptomatic infection.
Authors:	Mendonça, Vitor Rosa Ramos de Barral Netto, Manoel
Affilliation:	Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Medicina. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil
Abstract:	Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection carriers represent a major threat to malaria control worldwide as they are silent natural reservoirs and do not seek medical care. There are no standard criteria for asymptomaticPlasmodium infection; therefore, its diagnosis relies on the presence of the parasite during a specific period of symptomless infection. The antiparasitic immune response can result in reducedPlasmodium sp. load with control of disease manifestations, which leads to asymptomatic infection. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses seem to play major roles in asymptomatic Plasmodiuminfection; T regulatory cell activity (through the production of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-ß) and B-cells (with a broad antibody response) both play prominent roles. Furthermore, molecules involved in the haem detoxification pathway (such as haptoglobin and haeme oxygenase-1) and iron metabolism (ferritin and activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase) have emerged in recent years as potential biomarkers and thus are helping to unravel the immune response underlying asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. The acquisition of large data sets and the use of robust statistical tools, including network analysis, associated with well-designed malaria studies will likely help elucidate the immune mechanisms responsible for asymptomatic infection.
Keywords:	Asymptomatic infection Immune response Biomarkers Networks
Issue Date:	2015
Publisher:	Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Citation:	MENDONÇA, V. R.; BARRAL-NETTO, M. Immunoregulation in human malaria: the challenge of understanding asymptomatic infection. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 110, n. 8, p. 945-955, 2015.
ISSN:	1678-8060 10.1590/0074-02760150241
Copyright:	open access
Appears in Collections:	BA - IGM - Artigos de Periódicos

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