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RECENT ADVANCES IN PHLEBOTOMINE SAND FLY RESEARCH RELATED TO LEISHMANIASIS CONTROL
Author
Affilliation
Lancaster University. Faculty of Health and Medicine. Division of Biomedical and Life Science. Lancaster, UK.
Université de Reims. Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 – USC [Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR)]. Reims Cedex, France.
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research. Vector Molecular Biology Section. Rockville, MD, USA.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Rome, Italy.
University of Notre Dame. Department of Biological Sciences. Eck Institute for Global Health. Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Universitat de Barcelona. Hospital Clínic. ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB. Barcelona, Spain.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases. Department of Disease Contro. London, UK.
National Institute of Tropical Medicine-MOH. CONICE. Puerto Iguazu, Argentina.
Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Faculty of Medicine. Jerusalem, Israel / Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada. 2Kuvin Center for the study of Infectious & Tropical Diseases. Jerusalem, Israel.
Université de Reims. Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 – USC [Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR)]. Reims Cedex, France.
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research. Vector Molecular Biology Section. Rockville, MD, USA.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Rome, Italy.
University of Notre Dame. Department of Biological Sciences. Eck Institute for Global Health. Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Universitat de Barcelona. Hospital Clínic. ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB. Barcelona, Spain.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases. Department of Disease Contro. London, UK.
National Institute of Tropical Medicine-MOH. CONICE. Puerto Iguazu, Argentina.
Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Faculty of Medicine. Jerusalem, Israel / Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada. 2Kuvin Center for the study of Infectious & Tropical Diseases. Jerusalem, Israel.
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are the subject of much research because of the role of their females as the only proven natural vectors of Leishmania species, the parasitic protozoans that are the causative agents of the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. Activity in this field was highlighted by the eighth International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sand flies (ISOPS) held in September 2014, which prompted this review focusing on vector control. Topics reviewed include: Taxonomy and phylogenetics, Vector competence, Genetics, genomics and transcriptomics, Eco-epidemiology, and Vector control. Research on sand flies as leishmaniasis vectors has revealed a diverse array of zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission cycles, mostly in subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America, but also in Mediterranean Europe. The challenge is to progress beyond descriptive eco-epidemiology, in order to separate vectors of biomedical importance from the sand fly species that are competent vectors but lack the vectorial capacity to cause much human disease. Transmission modelling is required to identify the vectors that are a public health priority, the ones that must be controlled as part of the integrated control of leishmaniasis. Effective modelling of transmission will require the use of entomological indices more precise than those usually reported in the leishmaniasis literature.
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