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POPULATION GENETIC ANALYSIS REVEALS A HIGH GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE BRAZILIAN CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII VGII PPPULATION AND SHIFTS THE GLOBAL ORIGIN FROM THE AMAZON RAINFOREST TO THE SEMI-ARID DESERT IN THE NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL
Souto, Ana C. P. et al. | Date Issued: 2016
Author
Souto, Ana C. P.
Bonfietti, Lucas X.
Ferreira-Paim, Kennio
Trilles, Luciana
Martins, Marilena
Ribeiro-Alves, Marcelo
Pham, Cau D.
Martins, Liline
Santos, Wallace
Chang, Marilene
Brito-Santos, Fabio
Santos, Dayane C. S.
Fortes, Silvana
Lockhart, Shawn R.
Wanke, Bodo
Melhem, Márcia S. C.
Lazéra, Márcia S.
Meyer, Wieland
Affilliation
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Institute Adolfo Lutz. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory. Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity. Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital. The University of Sydney. The Westmead Institute for Medical Research. Sydney, Australia / Infectious Disease Department. Triângulo Mineiro Federal University. Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory. Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research. Sydney, Australia.
Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
University of Piauí State. Teresina, PI, Brazil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory. Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity. Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital. The University of Sydney. The Westmead Institute for Medical Research. Sydney, Australia / Federal University of Pará. Belém, PA, Brazil.
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Institute Adolfo Lutz. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Biodiversity Research Center. Federal University of Roraima. Boa Vista, RR, Brazil.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, USA.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Institute Adolfo Lutz. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory. Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity. Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital. The University of Sydney. The Westmead Institute for Medical Research. Sydney, Australia.
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are responsible globally for almost one million cryptococcosis cases yearly, mostly in immunocompromised patients, such as those living with HIV. Infections due to C. gattii have mainly been described in tropical and subtropical regions, but its adaptation to temperate regions was crucial in the species evolution and highlighted the importance of this pathogenic yeast in the context of disease. Cryptococcus gattii molecular type VGII has come to the forefront in connection with an on-going emergence in the Pacific North West of North America. Taking into account that previous work pointed towards South America as an origin of this species, the present work aimed to assess the genetic diversity within the Brazilian C. gattii VGII population in order to gain new insights into its origin and global dispersal from the South American continent using the ISHAM consensus MLST typing scheme. Our results corroborate the finding that the Brazilian C. gattii VGII population is highly diverse. The diversity is likely due to recombination generated from sexual reproduction, as evidenced by the presence of both mating types in clinical and environmental samples. The data presented herein strongly supports the emergence of highly virulent strains from ancestors in the Northern regions of Brazil, Amazonia and the Northeast. Numerous genotypes represent a link between Brazil and other parts of the world reinforcing South America as the most likely origin of the C. gattii VGII subtypes and their subsequent global spread, including their dispersal into North America, where they caused a major emergence.
Keywords
Genetic diversity
Brazilian Cryptococcus gattii VGII
Pppulation
Amazon Rainforest
Northeast of Brazil
 
Citation
SOUTO, Ana C. P. et al. Population genetic analysis reveals a high genetic diversity in the Brazilian Cryptococcus Gattii VGII population and shifts the global origin from the Amazon Rainforest to the semi-arid desert in the Northeast of Brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, v. 10, n. 8, p. 1-19, 2016.
DOI
10.1371/journal.pntd.0004885
ISSN
1935-2727