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EVALUATION OF XPERT MTB/RIF VERSUS AFB SMEAR AND CULTURE TO IDENTIFY PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED TUBERCULOSIS FROM LOW AND HIGHER PREVALENCE SETTINGS
Luetkemeyer, Anne F. et al. | Date Issued: 2016
Author
Luetkemeyer, Anne F.
Firnhaber, Cynthia
Kendall, Michelle A.
Wu, Xingye
Mazurek, Gerald H.
Benator, Debra A.
Arduino, Roberto
Fernandez, Michel
Guy, Elizabeth
Johnson, Pamela
Metchock, Beverly
Sattler, Fred
Telzak, Edward
Wang, Yun F.
Weiner, Marc
Swindells, Susan
Sanne, Ian M.
Havlir, Diane V.
Grinsztejn, Beatriz
Alland, David
Affilliation
Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine. San Francisco General Hospital. University of California. USA.
Clinical HIV Research Unit Department of Internal Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of the Witwatersrand Right to Care. Johannesburg, South Africa.
Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Boston, Massachusetts.
Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Boston, Massachusetts.
Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, Georgia.
Infectious Diseases Section. Veterans Affairs Medical Center and The George Washington University. Washington, DC, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Houston, USA.
University of North Texas Health Science Center. Tarrant County Health Department. Fort Worth, USA.
Section of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine. Baylor College of Medicine. Ben Taub General Hospital. Houston, Texas, USA.
Cepheid. Sunnyvale.
Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases. Keck School of Medicine of USC. Los Angeles, California, USA.
St. Barnabus Hospital Health System. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Bronx, New York, USA.
Emory University School of Medicine. Grady Memorial Hospital. Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Medicine. University of Texas Health Science Center. Veterans Administration Medical Center. San Antonio, USA.
Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases. University of Nebraska Medical Center. Lincoln, USA.
Right to Care. Johannesburg, South Africa Department of Internal Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, South Africa.
Division of HIV. Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine. San Francisco General Hospital. University of California. USA.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Division of Infectious Disease. Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. Newark, USA.
Abstract
Background: The Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay is a rapid nucleic acid amplification test widely used in settings of high tuberculosis prevalence to detect tuberculosis as well asrpoBmutations associated with rifampin resistance. Data are needed on the diagnostic performance of Xpert in lower-prevalence settings to inform appropriate use for both tuberculosis detection and the need for respiratory isolation. Methods: Xpert was compared to 2 sputum samples, each evaluated with acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and mycobacterial culture using liquid and solid culture media, from participants with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis from the United States, Brazil, and South Africa. Results: Of 992 participants enrolled with evaluable results, 22% had culture-confirmed tuberculosis. In 638 (64%) US participants, 1 Xpert result demonstrated sensitivity of 85.2% (96.7% in participants with AFB smear-positive [AFB(+)] sputum, 59.3% with AFB smear-negative [AFB(-)] sputum), specificity of 99.2%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.6%, and positive predictive value of 94.9%. Results did not differ between higher- and low-prevalence settings. A second Xpert assay increased overall sensitivity to 91.1% (100% if AFB(+), 71.4% if AFB(-)), with specificity of 98.9%. In US participants, a single negative Xpert result predicted the absence of AFB(+)/culture-positive tuberculosis with an NPV of 99.7%; NPV of 2 Xpert assays was 100%, suggesting a role in removing patients from airborne infection isolation. Xpert detected tuberculosis DNA and mutations associated with rifampin resistance in 5 of 7 participants with rifampin-resistant, culture-positive tuberculosis. Specificity for rifampin resistance was 99.5% and NPV was 98.9%. Conclusions: In the United States, Xpert testing performed comparably to 2 higher-tuberculosis-prevalence settings. These data support the use of Xpert in the initial evaluation of tuberculosis suspects and in algorithms assessing need for respiratory isolation. Keywords: HIV/tuberculosis coinfection; Xpert MTB/RIF; nontuberculous mycobacteria; respiratory isolation; tuberculosis diagnosis.
Keywords
Xpert MTB/RIF
Tuberculosis diagnosis
Respiratory isolation
Nontuberculous mycobacteria
HIV/tuberculosis coinfection
 
Publisher
Oxford
Citation
LUETKEMEYER, Anne. F. et al. Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF Versus AFB Smear and Culture to Identify Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients With Suspected Tuberculosis From Low and Higher Prevalence Settings. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 62, n. 9, p. 1081–1088, May 2016.
DOI
10.1093/cid/ciw035
ISSN
1058-4838
Notes
AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5295 and Tuberculosis Trials Consortium Study 34 Teams.