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VENEZUELA’S HUMANITARIAN CRISIS, RESURGENCE OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SPILLOVER IN THE REGION
Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (Prof M E Grillet PhD, J V Hernández-Villena BSc), Instituto de Biología Experimental (Prof G Benaim PhD), and Instituto de Medicina Tropical (M C Graterol-Gil MD, C E Martinez PhD, M Rodriguez MLT, M J Segovia MSc, Prof H J Carrasco PhD, L A Colmenares MD, Prof O O Noya Gonzalez MD, Prof B Alarcón-de Noya MD) Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (M S Llewellyn PhD, Prof H M Ferguson PhD, P Schwabl MSc, P H L Lamberton PhD, D G Streicker PhD, Prof D T Haydon PhD); Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Clinica IDB Cabudare, Cabudare, Venezuela (A E Paniz-Mondolfi MD, M Marquez BSc, A C Mogollon-Mendoza MD, C E Hernandez-Pereira BSc, J D Plaza-Morr BSc, G Blohm PhD); Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela (A E Paniz-Mondolfi, Prof G Benaim); Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (A Tami MD, M F Vincenti-Gonzalez PhD); Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela (A Tami); Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Lara State, Venezuela (M Marquez, A C Mogollon-Mendoza, C E Hernandez-Pereira); Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, Punto Fijo, Falcón State, Venezuela (J D Plaza-Morr); Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA (G Blohm, Prof J A Lednicky PhD, Prof J G Morris Jr MD); Center for Research on Health in Latin America, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador (J A Costales PhD); Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA (Prof M J Grijalva PhD); College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (L E Hernandez-Castro MSc) and MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (D G Streicker); Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof M A Miles PhD); Department of Vector Biology and Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (A Acosta-Serrano PhD, M G Basañez PhD); Venezuelan National Academy of Medicine, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof H Acquattela MD); Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA (J E Conn PhD); School of Public Health, University at Albany, NY, USA (J E Conn); Hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño, Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof R Espinoza PhD); Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H Freilij MD); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (Prof H Kato PhD); Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Prof S Mas-Coma PhD); Enfermedades Emergentes y Salud Ambiental, Centro de Biodiversidad, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito, Ecuador (Prof J C Navarro PhD); Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof J L Ramirez PhD); Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof J A Urbina PhD); Asociación Civil Impacto Social, Tumeremo, Bolívar State, Venezuela (L Villegas MD); Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (J L Crainey PhD, S L B Luz PhD); Centro de Investigaciones de Campo “Dr Francesco Vitanza”, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Altos Estudios “Dr Arnoldo Gabaldon”, MPPS, Tumeremo, Venezuela (J D Moreno PhD, Prof O O Noya Gonzalez); and Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia (J D Ramírez PhD).
Author
Grillet, Maria E.
Hernández-Villena, Juan V.
Llewellyn, Martin S.
Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto E.
Tami, Adriana
Vincenti-Gonzalez, Maria F.
Marquez, Marilianna
Mogollon-Mendoza, Adriana C.
Hernandez-Pereira, Carlos E.
Plaza-Morr, Juan D.
Blohm, Gabriella
Grijalva, Mario J.
Costales, Jaime A.
Ferguson, Heather M.
Schwabl, Philipp
Hernandez-Castro, Luis E.
Lamberton, Poppy H L.
Streicker, Daniel G.
Haydon, Daniel T.
Miles, Michael A.
Acosta-Serrano, Alvaro
Acquattela, Harry
Basañez, Maria G.
Benaim, Gustavo
Colmenares, Luis A.
Conn, Jan E.
Espinoza, Raul
Freilij, Hector
Graterol-Gil, Mary C.
Hotez, Peter J.
Kato, Hirotomo.
Lednicky, John A.
Martinez, Clara E.
Mas-Coma, Santiago
Morris Jr, J. Glen
Navarro, Juan C.
Ramirez, Jose L.
Rodriguez, Marlenes
Urbina, Julio A.
Villegas, Leopoldo
Segovia, Maikell J.
Carrasco, Hernan J.
Crainey, James L.
Luz, Sergio L. B.
Moreno, Juan D.
Noya Gonzalez, Oscar O.
Ramírez, Juan D.
Alarcón-de Noya, Belkisyolé
Hernández-Villena, Juan V.
Llewellyn, Martin S.
Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto E.
Tami, Adriana
Vincenti-Gonzalez, Maria F.
Marquez, Marilianna
Mogollon-Mendoza, Adriana C.
Hernandez-Pereira, Carlos E.
Plaza-Morr, Juan D.
Blohm, Gabriella
Grijalva, Mario J.
Costales, Jaime A.
Ferguson, Heather M.
Schwabl, Philipp
Hernandez-Castro, Luis E.
Lamberton, Poppy H L.
Streicker, Daniel G.
Haydon, Daniel T.
Miles, Michael A.
Acosta-Serrano, Alvaro
Acquattela, Harry
Basañez, Maria G.
Benaim, Gustavo
Colmenares, Luis A.
Conn, Jan E.
Espinoza, Raul
Freilij, Hector
Graterol-Gil, Mary C.
Hotez, Peter J.
Kato, Hirotomo.
Lednicky, John A.
Martinez, Clara E.
Mas-Coma, Santiago
Morris Jr, J. Glen
Navarro, Juan C.
Ramirez, Jose L.
Rodriguez, Marlenes
Urbina, Julio A.
Villegas, Leopoldo
Segovia, Maikell J.
Carrasco, Hernan J.
Crainey, James L.
Luz, Sergio L. B.
Moreno, Juan D.
Noya Gonzalez, Oscar O.
Ramírez, Juan D.
Alarcón-de Noya, Belkisyolé
Affilliation
Múltipla - ver em Notas.
Abstract
In the past 5–10 years,Venezuela has faced a severe economic crisis, precipitated by political instability and declining oil revenue. Public health provision has been affected particularly. In this Review, we assess the impact of Venezuela’s health-care crisis on vector-borne diseases, and the spillover into neighbouring countries. Between 2000 and 2015, Venezuela witnessed a 359% increase in malaria cases, followed by a 71% increase in 2017 (411586 cases) compared with 2016 (240613). Neighbouring countries, such as Brazil, have reported an escalating trend of imported malaria cases from Venezuela, from 1538 in 2014 to 3129 in 2017.In Venezuela, active Chagas disease transmission has been reported, with seroprevalence in children (<10 years), estimated to be as high as 12·5%in one community tested (n=64). Dengue incidence increased by more than four times between 1990 and 2016. The estimated incidenceof chikungunya during its epidemic peak is 6975 cases per100000 people and that of Zika virus is 2057 cases per 100000 people. The re-emergence of many vector-borne diseases represents a public health crisis in Venezuela and has the possibility of severely undermining regional disease elimination efforts. National, regional, and global authorities must take action to address these worsening epidemics and prevent their expansion beyond Venezuelan border.
Citation
GRILLET, Maria E. et al. Venezuela’s humanitarian crisis, resurgence of vector-borne diseases, and implications for spillover in the region. The Lancet Infection Diseases, p. 1-13, Feb. 2019DOI
10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30757-6ISSN
1473-3099Notes
J. L. Crainey e S. L. B. Luz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas e Maria Deane. Manaus, AM, Brasil.Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (Prof M E Grillet PhD, J V Hernández-Villena BSc), Instituto de Biología Experimental (Prof G Benaim PhD), and Instituto de Medicina Tropical (M C Graterol-Gil MD, C E Martinez PhD, M Rodriguez MLT, M J Segovia MSc, Prof H J Carrasco PhD, L A Colmenares MD, Prof O O Noya Gonzalez MD, Prof B Alarcón-de Noya MD) Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (M S Llewellyn PhD, Prof H M Ferguson PhD, P Schwabl MSc, P H L Lamberton PhD, D G Streicker PhD, Prof D T Haydon PhD); Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Clinica IDB Cabudare, Cabudare, Venezuela (A E Paniz-Mondolfi MD, M Marquez BSc, A C Mogollon-Mendoza MD, C E Hernandez-Pereira BSc, J D Plaza-Morr BSc, G Blohm PhD); Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela (A E Paniz-Mondolfi, Prof G Benaim); Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (A Tami MD, M F Vincenti-Gonzalez PhD); Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela (A Tami); Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Lara State, Venezuela (M Marquez, A C Mogollon-Mendoza, C E Hernandez-Pereira); Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, Punto Fijo, Falcón State, Venezuela (J D Plaza-Morr); Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA (G Blohm, Prof J A Lednicky PhD, Prof J G Morris Jr MD); Center for Research on Health in Latin America, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador (J A Costales PhD); Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA (Prof M J Grijalva PhD); College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (L E Hernandez-Castro MSc) and MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (D G Streicker); Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof M A Miles PhD); Department of Vector Biology and Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (A Acosta-Serrano PhD, M G Basañez PhD); Venezuelan National Academy of Medicine, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof H Acquattela MD); Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA (J E Conn PhD); School of Public Health, University at Albany, NY, USA (J E Conn); Hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño, Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof R Espinoza PhD); Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H Freilij MD); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (Prof H Kato PhD); Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Prof S Mas-Coma PhD); Enfermedades Emergentes y Salud Ambiental, Centro de Biodiversidad, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito, Ecuador (Prof J C Navarro PhD); Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof J L Ramirez PhD); Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Caracas, Venezuela (Prof J A Urbina PhD); Asociación Civil Impacto Social, Tumeremo, Bolívar State, Venezuela (L Villegas MD); Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (J L Crainey PhD, S L B Luz PhD); Centro de Investigaciones de Campo “Dr Francesco Vitanza”, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Altos Estudios “Dr Arnoldo Gabaldon”, MPPS, Tumeremo, Venezuela (J D Moreno PhD, Prof O O Noya Gonzalez); and Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia (J D Ramírez PhD).
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