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2020-05-07
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GENOTYPES AND POPULATION GENETICS OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS AND CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII SPECIES COMPLEXES IN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA
a Dip. Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; b Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses & Antifungal, CNRS UMR2000, Paris, France; c Robert-Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; d Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashier Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, (Research and Educational Network) Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia; e Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; f Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; g Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamic (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; h School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; i Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Hospital Gegorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; j Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain; k FIOCRUZ, Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; l Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy; m DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy; n Cyprus Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; o Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey; p Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; q Medical College University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; r Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; s National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), Pisa, Italy; t Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy; u University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy; v Uludag University, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey; w Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; x Unité Mixte Internationale “Recherches Translationnelles sur l'infection à VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses”, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; y Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; z Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, CITAB, Quinta dos Prados, Vila Real, Portugal; aa Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy; ab Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; ac Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; ad Sezione di Microbiologia del DISC, Università di Genova-IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genova, Italy; ae Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy; af University of Çukurova Sarıçam, Adana, Turkey; ag Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy; ah Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel ai; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
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Abstract
A total of 476 European isolates (310 Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, 150 C. neoformans var. neoformans, and 16 C. gattii species complex) from both clinical and environmental sources were analyzed by multi-locus sequence typing. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were performed. Sequence analysis identified 74 sequence types among C. neoformans var. neoformans (VNIV), 65 among C. neoformans var. grubii (56 VNI, 8 VNII, 1 VNB), and 5 among the C. gattii species complex (4 VGI and 1 VGIV) isolates. ST23 was the most frequent genotype (22%) among VNI isolates which were mostly grouped in a large clonal cluster including 50% of isolates. Among VNIV isolates, a predominant genotype was not identified. A high percentage of autochthonous STs were identified in both VNI (71%) and VNIV (96%) group of isolates. The 16 European C. gattii species complex isolates analyzed in the present study originated all from the environment and all belonged to a large cluster endemic in the Mediterranean area. Population genetic analysis confirmed that VNI group of isolates were characterized by low variability and clonal expansion while VNIV by a higher variability and a number of recombination events. However, when VNI and VNIV environmental isolates were compared, they showed a similar population structure with a high percentage of shared mutations and the absence of fixed mutations. Also linkage disequilibrium analysis reveals differences between clinical and environmental isolates showing a key role of PLB1 allele combinations in host infection as well as the key role of LAC1 allele combinations for survival of the fungus in the environment. The present study shows that genetic comparison of clinical and environmental isolates represents a first step to understand the genetic characteristics that cause the shift of some genotypes from a saprophytic to a parasitic life style.
Publisher
Elsevier
Citation
COGLIATI, Massimo et al. Genotypes and population genetics of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes in Europe and the mediterranean area. Fungal Genetics and Biology, v. 129, p. 16-29, 2019.DOI
10.1016/j.fgb.2019.04.001ISSN
1087-1845Notes
Luciana Trilles. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Documento produzido em parceria ou por autor vinculado à Fiocruz, mas não consta a informação no documento.a Dip. Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; b Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses & Antifungal, CNRS UMR2000, Paris, France; c Robert-Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; d Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashier Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, (Research and Educational Network) Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia; e Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; f Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; g Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamic (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; h School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; i Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Hospital Gegorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; j Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain; k FIOCRUZ, Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; l Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy; m DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy; n Cyprus Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; o Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey; p Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; q Medical College University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; r Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; s National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), Pisa, Italy; t Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy; u University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy; v Uludag University, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey; w Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; x Unité Mixte Internationale “Recherches Translationnelles sur l'infection à VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses”, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; y Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; z Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, CITAB, Quinta dos Prados, Vila Real, Portugal; aa Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy; ab Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; ac Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; ad Sezione di Microbiologia del DISC, Università di Genova-IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genova, Italy; ae Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy; af University of Çukurova Sarıçam, Adana, Turkey; ag Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy; ah Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel ai; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
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