Medicinal plants are highly effective alternatives therapies for multiple diseases and are also more accessible to most individuals. Some medications are too expensive and, sometimes, are not available through all national territory. Therefore, a literature review was made aiming to demonstrate the potential of Vernonia polyanthes on the treatment of inflammatory diseases, highlighting even more the important role of the Brazilian flora on life quality of Brazilians. Studies evaluating the action of different extracts of the plant on different inflammatory response models and the results showed inhibition of inflammation at the tested models. The antiinflammatory action is related to components present in the extracts, with some of their inhibition mechanisms known and others to be described. From the characterization of the component molecules of the Vernonia polyanthes extracts, it will be possible to use it in the formulation of drugs and therapies against inflammatory diseases.