Introduction: Understanding the mortality-associated risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 will impact clinical decisions. Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study included patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used. Results: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of ≥2 (hazard ratio 4.614; 95% confidence interval =2.210–9.634; p<0.001) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of >5 (hazard ratio=2.616; 95% confidence interval=1.303–5.252; p=0.007) were independently associated with mortality. Conclusions: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio on admission can identify coronavirus disease patients at increased risk of death and guide subsequent clinical decisions.