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A GLOBAL METAGENOMIC MAP OF URBAN MICROBIOMES AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Metagenome
Global health
Antimicrobial resistance
Microbiome
NGS
Shotgun sequencing
De novo assembly
BGC
AMR
Author
Danko, David
Bezdan, Daniela
Afshin, Evan E.
Ahsanuddin, Sofia
Bhattacharya, Chandrima
Butler, Daniel J.
Chng, Kern Rei
Donnellan, Daysy
Hecht, Jochen
Jackson, Kathelyn
Kuchin, Katerina
Karasikov, Mikhail
Lyons, Abigail
Mak, Lauren
Meleshko, Dmitry
Mustafa, Harun
Mutai, Beth
Neches, Russell Y.
Ng, Amanda
Nikolayeva, Olga
Nikolayeva, Tatyana
Png, Eileen
Ryon, Krista A.
Sanchez, Jorge L.
Shaaban, Heba
Sierra, Maria A.
Thomas, Dominique
Young, Ben
Abudayyeh, Omar O.
Alicea, Josue
Bhattacharyya, Malay
Blekhman, Ran
Castro-Nallar, Eduardo
Cañas, Ana M.
Chatziefthimiou, Aspassia D.
Crawford, Robert W.
Filippis, Francesca De
Deng, Youping
Desnues, Christelle
Dias Neto, Emmanuel
Dybwad, Marius
Elhaik, Eran
Ercolini, Danilo
Frolova, Alina
Gankin, Dennis
Gootenberg, Jonathan S.
Graf, Alexanda B.
Green, David C.
Hajirasouliha, Iman
Hastings, Jaden J. A.
Hernandez, Mark
Iraola, Gregorio
Jang, Soojin
Kahles, Andre
Kelly, Frank J.
Knights, Kaymisha
Kyrpides, Nikos C.
Labaj, Pawel P.
Lee, Patrick K.H.
Leung, Marcus H.Y.
Ljungdahl, Per O.
Mason-Buck, Gabriella
McGrath, Ken
Meydan, Cem
Mongodin, Emmanuel F.
Moraes, Milton Ozório
Nagarajan, Niranjan
Nieto-Caballer, Marina
Noushmehr, Houtan
Oliveira, Manuela
Ossowski, Stephan
Osuolale, Olayinka O.
Paez-Espino, David
Rascovan, Nicolás
Richard, Hugues
Bezdan, Daniela
Afshin, Evan E.
Ahsanuddin, Sofia
Bhattacharya, Chandrima
Butler, Daniel J.
Chng, Kern Rei
Donnellan, Daysy
Hecht, Jochen
Jackson, Kathelyn
Kuchin, Katerina
Karasikov, Mikhail
Lyons, Abigail
Mak, Lauren
Meleshko, Dmitry
Mustafa, Harun
Mutai, Beth
Neches, Russell Y.
Ng, Amanda
Nikolayeva, Olga
Nikolayeva, Tatyana
Png, Eileen
Ryon, Krista A.
Sanchez, Jorge L.
Shaaban, Heba
Sierra, Maria A.
Thomas, Dominique
Young, Ben
Abudayyeh, Omar O.
Alicea, Josue
Bhattacharyya, Malay
Blekhman, Ran
Castro-Nallar, Eduardo
Cañas, Ana M.
Chatziefthimiou, Aspassia D.
Crawford, Robert W.
Filippis, Francesca De
Deng, Youping
Desnues, Christelle
Dias Neto, Emmanuel
Dybwad, Marius
Elhaik, Eran
Ercolini, Danilo
Frolova, Alina
Gankin, Dennis
Gootenberg, Jonathan S.
Graf, Alexanda B.
Green, David C.
Hajirasouliha, Iman
Hastings, Jaden J. A.
Hernandez, Mark
Iraola, Gregorio
Jang, Soojin
Kahles, Andre
Kelly, Frank J.
Knights, Kaymisha
Kyrpides, Nikos C.
Labaj, Pawel P.
Lee, Patrick K.H.
Leung, Marcus H.Y.
Ljungdahl, Per O.
Mason-Buck, Gabriella
McGrath, Ken
Meydan, Cem
Mongodin, Emmanuel F.
Moraes, Milton Ozório
Nagarajan, Niranjan
Nieto-Caballer, Marina
Noushmehr, Houtan
Oliveira, Manuela
Ossowski, Stephan
Osuolale, Olayinka O.
Paez-Espino, David
Rascovan, Nicolás
Richard, Hugues
Affilliation
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA / University of Tübingen. Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics. Tübingen, Germany / University of Tübingen. NGS Competence Center Tübingen. Tübingen, Germany.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Centre for Genomic Regulation. Barcelona, Spain.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
ETH Zurich. Department of Computer Science. Biomedical Informatics Group. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
ETH Zurich. Department of Computer Science. Biomedical Informatics Group. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Joint Genome Institute. Department of Energy. Berkeley, CA, USA.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore.
Independent Researcher. Zurich, Switzerland.
Independent Researcher. Zurich, Switzerland.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McGovern Institute for Brain Research. Cambridge, MA, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Indian Statistical Institute. Machine Intelligence Unit. Kolkata, India / Indian Statistical Institute. Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Kolkata, India.
University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Universidad Andres Bello. Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology. Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida. Santiago, Chile.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
California State University. Sacramento, CA, USA.
University of Naples Federico II. Division of Microbiology. Department of Agricultural Sciences. Naples, Italy / University of Naples Federico II. Task Force on Microbiome Studies. Naples, Italy.
University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine. Honolulu, HI, USA.
Université de Toulon. Aix-Marseille Université. Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology. Marseille, France.
A. C. Camargo Cancer Center. Medical Genomics Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment FFI. Kjeller, Norway.
Lund University. Department of Biology. Lund, Sweden.
University of Naples Federico II. Division of Microbiology. Department of Agricultural Sciences. Naples, Italy / University of Naples Federico II. Task Force on Microbiome Studies. Naples, Italy.
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics. Kyiv, Ukraine / Kyiv Academic University. Kyiv, Ukraine.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
University of Applied Sciences Vienna. Vienna, Austria.
King's College London. Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences. London, UK.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
University of Colorado at Boulder. Boulder, CO, USA.
Institut Pasteur de Montevideo. Microbial Genomics Laboratory. Montevideo, Uruguay / Universidad Mayor. Center for Integrative Biology. Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile / Wellcome Sanger Institute. Hinxton, UK.
Institut Pasteur Korea. Seoul, South Korea.
ETH Zurich. Department of Computer Science. Biomedical Informatics Group. Zurich, Switzerland / Kyiv Academic University. Kyiv, Ukraine / Universidad del Desarrollo. School of Engineering. Research Center in Technologies for Society. C+. Santiago, Chile.
King's College London. Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences. London, UK.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Joint Genome Institute. Department of Energy. Berkeley, CA, USA.
Fudan University. Human Phenome Institute. School of Life Sciences. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology. Shanghai, China / Jagiellonian University. Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology. Kraków, Poland / Boku University Viennna. Vienna, Austria.
City University of Hong Kong. School of Energy and Environment. Hong Kong SAR, China.
City University of Hong Kong. School of Energy and Environment. Hong Kong SAR, China.
Stockholm University. The Wenner-Gren Institute. Department of Molecular Biosciences. Stockholm, Sweden.
King's College London. Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences. London, UK.
Microba. Brisbane City, Australia.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
University of Maryland School of Medicine. Institute for Genome Sciences. Baltimore, MD, USA.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Hanseníase. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore; Singapore.
University of Colorado at Boulder. Boulder, CO, USA.
Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Universidade do Porto. Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular. Porto, Portugal.
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Centre for Genomic Regulation. Barcelona, Spain / University of Tübingen. Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics. Tübingen, Germany / University of Tübingen. NGS Competence Center Tübingen. Tübingen, Germany.
Elizade University. Department of Biological Sciences. Applied Environmental Metagenomics and Infectious Diseases Research. Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria.
Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Universit. Istanbul, Turkey.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Joint Genome Institute. Department of Energy. Berkeley, CA, USA.
Institut Pasteur. Microbial Paleogenomics Unit. Paris, France.
Sorbonne University. Faculty of Science. Institute of Biology Paris-Seine. Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology. Paris, France / Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA / University of Tübingen. Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics. Tübingen, Germany / University of Tübingen. NGS Competence Center Tübingen. Tübingen, Germany.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Centre for Genomic Regulation. Barcelona, Spain.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
ETH Zurich. Department of Computer Science. Biomedical Informatics Group. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
ETH Zurich. Department of Computer Science. Biomedical Informatics Group. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland / University Hospital Zurich. Biomedical Informatics Research. Zurich, Switzerland.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Joint Genome Institute. Department of Energy. Berkeley, CA, USA.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore.
Independent Researcher. Zurich, Switzerland.
Independent Researcher. Zurich, Switzerland.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore, Singapore.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McGovern Institute for Brain Research. Cambridge, MA, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Indian Statistical Institute. Machine Intelligence Unit. Kolkata, India / Indian Statistical Institute. Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Kolkata, India.
University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Universidad Andres Bello. Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology. Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida. Santiago, Chile.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
California State University. Sacramento, CA, USA.
University of Naples Federico II. Division of Microbiology. Department of Agricultural Sciences. Naples, Italy / University of Naples Federico II. Task Force on Microbiome Studies. Naples, Italy.
University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine. Honolulu, HI, USA.
Université de Toulon. Aix-Marseille Université. Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology. Marseille, France.
A. C. Camargo Cancer Center. Medical Genomics Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment FFI. Kjeller, Norway.
Lund University. Department of Biology. Lund, Sweden.
University of Naples Federico II. Division of Microbiology. Department of Agricultural Sciences. Naples, Italy / University of Naples Federico II. Task Force on Microbiome Studies. Naples, Italy.
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics. Kyiv, Ukraine / Kyiv Academic University. Kyiv, Ukraine.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
University of Applied Sciences Vienna. Vienna, Austria.
King's College London. Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences. London, UK.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
University of Colorado at Boulder. Boulder, CO, USA.
Institut Pasteur de Montevideo. Microbial Genomics Laboratory. Montevideo, Uruguay / Universidad Mayor. Center for Integrative Biology. Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile / Wellcome Sanger Institute. Hinxton, UK.
Institut Pasteur Korea. Seoul, South Korea.
ETH Zurich. Department of Computer Science. Biomedical Informatics Group. Zurich, Switzerland / Kyiv Academic University. Kyiv, Ukraine / Universidad del Desarrollo. School of Engineering. Research Center in Technologies for Society. C+. Santiago, Chile.
King's College London. Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences. London, UK.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Joint Genome Institute. Department of Energy. Berkeley, CA, USA.
Fudan University. Human Phenome Institute. School of Life Sciences. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology. Shanghai, China / Jagiellonian University. Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology. Kraków, Poland / Boku University Viennna. Vienna, Austria.
City University of Hong Kong. School of Energy and Environment. Hong Kong SAR, China.
City University of Hong Kong. School of Energy and Environment. Hong Kong SAR, China.
Stockholm University. The Wenner-Gren Institute. Department of Molecular Biosciences. Stockholm, Sweden.
King's College London. Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences. London, UK.
Microba. Brisbane City, Australia.
Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY, USA / The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA.
University of Maryland School of Medicine. Institute for Genome Sciences. Baltimore, MD, USA.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Hanseníase. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore. Singapore; Singapore.
University of Colorado at Boulder. Boulder, CO, USA.
Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Universidade do Porto. Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular. Porto, Portugal.
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Centre for Genomic Regulation. Barcelona, Spain / University of Tübingen. Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics. Tübingen, Germany / University of Tübingen. NGS Competence Center Tübingen. Tübingen, Germany.
Elizade University. Department of Biological Sciences. Applied Environmental Metagenomics and Infectious Diseases Research. Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria.
Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Universit. Istanbul, Turkey.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Joint Genome Institute. Department of Energy. Berkeley, CA, USA.
Institut Pasteur. Microbial Paleogenomics Unit. Paris, France.
Sorbonne University. Faculty of Science. Institute of Biology Paris-Seine. Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology. Paris, France / Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany.
Abstract
We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.
Keywords
Built EnvironmentMetagenome
Global health
Antimicrobial resistance
Microbiome
NGS
Shotgun sequencing
De novo assembly
BGC
AMR
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