Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of presentation of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, accounting for more than 90% of cases in the endemics regions. This form is characterized by a single or few ulcerated lesion(s), with raised and erythematous edges, preferably located in the lower limbs, and less commonly arms, trunk and face. The standard treatment for CL in many countries is performed with pentavalent antimony (Sbv) at a dose of 15-20mg/kg per day for 20 days, as recommended by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. However, failure to respond to treatment has been described in up to 40% of patients in Bahia, Brazil and the long period of 60 to 90 days required for healing of the ulcerated lesion indicates the need for the use of alternative drugs. Currently, alternatives include other parenteral drugs such as pentamidine (with low efficacy against L. braziliensis) and amphotericin B. However, their use is limited either by toxicity or because, as with Sbv, the parenteral route challenges adherence and regularity of treatment in rural areas. Additionally, Amphotericin B requires hospitalization, being reserved for the treatment of patients who do not respond to conventional treatments or with severe forms of CL. In this context, the need to develop more effective treatments is imposed, with the objective of increasing the cure rate, reducing morbidity and absenteeism caused by the disease. The use of multidrug therapy in the treatment of diseases caused by intracellular agents has long been indicated for the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. Also with regard to cutaneous leishmaniasis, there are several examples of the use of more than one drug. In CL and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), tissue damage is more related to the host's immune response than to a cytotoxic action of the parasite. Since there is evidence that T cell activation and the frequency of T cells expressing TNF or IFN are associated with the size of the leishmaniasis ulcer, association with immunomodulatory agents has been used as adjuncts in the treatment of CL and ML. In ML, it is known that the association of Sbv with pentoxifylline, a TNF inhibitor drug, is more effective than Sbv in monotherapy. The association also reduces healing time and cures patients who are refractory to the use of Sbv. In CL, GM-CSF has the property of modulating the immune response and associated with Sbv both subcutaneously and topically, it is more effective than Sbv and placebo, also accelerating the healing time. More recently, miltefosine associated with the topical use of a cream containing 0.1% GM-CSF (M+GM group) was compared to conventional treatment with Sbv (Sbv group) and to miltefosine with a placebo cream vehicle (M+P group) in 133 patients with CL caused by Leishmania braziliensis. The final results showed a cure rate of 76% for the M+GM group, 77% for the M+P and only 44% for the Sbv group. A shorter healing time was also documented in the two groups that used miltefosine. Although GM-CSF 0.1% in cream did not show an adjuvant effect, miltefosine confirmed its superiority over Sbv. However, it is worrying that the best cure rate of miltefosine remains below 80%, which reinforces the importance of seeking other alternatives for association. One such alternative is another cytokine, the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). It is a 19 kDa glycoprotein that stimulates the production of granulocytes by the bone marrow, stimulating also the differentiation and function of neutrophils. In addition, G-CSF also has an important role in promoting skin healing by stimulating the proliferation of keratinocytes, being produced by fibroblasts when interacting with these cells. G-CSF was used experimentally in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis and in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa to accelerate the epithelialization and healing processes. Furthermore, G-CSF induces IL-10-producing regulatory cells, in addition to negatively interfering with the function of CD8+ cytotoxic cells that are recognized as important agents of tissue damage in CL. All these actions of G-CSF may be important in controlling the intense tissue inflammation that implies in the appearance and maintenance of the ulcer, as well as in the stimulation of skin healing. Therefore, it is likely that the association of G-CSF with conventional treatment of CL will have a positive impact, increasing the cure rate and accelerating healing, avoiding the need for new series of treatment. Another molecule with immunomodulatory capacity to be used in inflammatory diseases is the Sm29 protein located on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. Preliminary data showed that recombinant Sm29 reduced in vitro the production of IFN-induced high levels of IL-10, in mononuclear cells of more than 60% of patients with CL, thus identifying the potential of Sm29 in the regulation of a Th1-type immune response. Both molecules are being tested as topical adjuvants to standard Sbv treatment of CL in Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil. Keywords G-CSF;