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AN UPDATED FRAMEWORK FOR SARS-COV-2 VARIANTS REFLECTS THE UNPREDICTABILITY OF VIRAL EVOLUTION
Author
Subissi, Lorenzo
Otieno, James Richard
Worp, Nathalie
Cohen, Homa Attar
Munnink, Bas B. Oude
Abu-Raddad, Laith J.
Alm, Erik
Barakat, Amal
Barclay, Wendy S.
Bhiman, Jinal N.
Caly, Leon
Chand, Meera
Chen, Mark
Cullinane, Ann
Oliveira, Túlio de Paiva Nazareth Andrade de
Drosten, Christian
Druce, Julian
Effler, Paul
El Masry, Ihab
Faye, Adama
Ghedin, Elodie
Grant, Rebecca
Haagmans, Bart L.
Happi, Christian
Herring, Belinda L.
Hodcroft, Emma B.
Ikejezie, Juniorcaius
Katawera, Victoria
Kassamali, Zyleen Alnashir
Yee-Sin, Leo
Leung, Gabriel M.
Kondor, Rebecca J.
Marklewitz, Marco
Mendez-Rico, Jairo
Melhem, Nada M.
Munster, Vincent
Nahapetyan, Karen
Naindoo, Dhamari
Oh, Djin-Ye
Peacock, Thomas P.
Peiris, Malik
Peng, Zhibin
Poon, Leo L. M.
Rambaut, Andrew
Saha, Senjuti
Shen, Yinzhong
Siqueira, Marilda Agudo Mendonça Teixeira de
Volz, Erik
Tessema, Sofonias K.
Thiel, Volker
Triki, Henda
Werf, Sylvie van der
Eije, Karin von
Cunningham, Jane
Koopmans, Marion P. G.
Gottberg, Anne von
Agrawal, Anurag
Kerkhove, Maria D. van
Otieno, James Richard
Worp, Nathalie
Cohen, Homa Attar
Munnink, Bas B. Oude
Abu-Raddad, Laith J.
Alm, Erik
Barakat, Amal
Barclay, Wendy S.
Bhiman, Jinal N.
Caly, Leon
Chand, Meera
Chen, Mark
Cullinane, Ann
Oliveira, Túlio de Paiva Nazareth Andrade de
Drosten, Christian
Druce, Julian
Effler, Paul
El Masry, Ihab
Faye, Adama
Ghedin, Elodie
Grant, Rebecca
Haagmans, Bart L.
Happi, Christian
Herring, Belinda L.
Hodcroft, Emma B.
Ikejezie, Juniorcaius
Katawera, Victoria
Kassamali, Zyleen Alnashir
Yee-Sin, Leo
Leung, Gabriel M.
Kondor, Rebecca J.
Marklewitz, Marco
Mendez-Rico, Jairo
Melhem, Nada M.
Munster, Vincent
Nahapetyan, Karen
Naindoo, Dhamari
Oh, Djin-Ye
Peacock, Thomas P.
Peiris, Malik
Peng, Zhibin
Poon, Leo L. M.
Rambaut, Andrew
Saha, Senjuti
Shen, Yinzhong
Siqueira, Marilda Agudo Mendonça Teixeira de
Volz, Erik
Tessema, Sofonias K.
Thiel, Volker
Triki, Henda
Werf, Sylvie van der
Eije, Karin von
Cunningham, Jane
Koopmans, Marion P. G.
Gottberg, Anne von
Agrawal, Anurag
Kerkhove, Maria D. van
Affilliation
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
Qatar of Cornell University. Weill Cornell Medicine. Doha, Qatar.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Stockholm, Sweden.
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Cairo, Egypt.
Imperial College London. London, UK.
National Health Laboratory Service. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Johannesburg, South Africa / University of the Witwatersrand. Faculty of Health Sciences. School of Pathology. Johannesburg, South Africa.
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
UK Health Security Agency. London, UK
National Centre for Infectious Diseases. Singapore, Singapore.
World Organisation for Animal Health. Paris, France.
Stellenbosch University. Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation. Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Charité Medical Center. Berlin, Germany.
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
University of Western Australia. Perth, WA, Australia.
United Nations. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, Italy.
Université Cheikh Anta Diop. Institut de Santé et Développement. Dakar, Senegal.
National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Bethesda, MD, USA.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
Redeemer's University. African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease. Ede, Nigeria.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.
University of Basel. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. Basel, Switzerland / Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Lausanne, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Manila, the Philippines.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
National Centre for Infectious Diseases. Singapore, Singapore.
The University of Hong Kong. LKS Faculty of Medicine. School of Public Health. Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA, USA.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark.
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas. Washington, DC, USA.
American University of Beirut. Faculty of Health Sciences. Beirut, Lebanon.
National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Bethesda, MD, USA.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark.
World Health Organization Regional Office for South East Asia. Delhi, India.
Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany.
Imperial College London. London, UK / The Pirbright Institute. Woking, UK.
The University of Hong Kong. LKS Faculty of Medicine. School of Public Health. Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Beijing, The People's Republic of China.
The University of Hong Kong. LKS Faculty of Medicine. School of Public Health. Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, UK.
Child Health Research Foundation. Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Fudan University. Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. Shanghai, The People's Republic of China.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais. Laboratório de Referência Nacional e Internacional para Infecções Respiratórias, Exantemáticas e Síndromes do Sistema Nervoso Central. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Imperial College London. London, UK.
Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
University of Bern. Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases. Bern, Switzerland / Mittelhäusern and Bern. Institute of Virology and Immunology. Bern, Switzerland.
Institut Pasteur Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia.
Université Paris Cité. Institut Pasteur. Paris, France.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland / Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
National Health Laboratory Service. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Johannesburg, South Africa / University of the Witwatersrand. Faculty of Health Sciences. School of Pathology. Johannesburg, South Africa.
Ashoka University. Trivedi School of Biosciences. Sonipat, India.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
Qatar of Cornell University. Weill Cornell Medicine. Doha, Qatar.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Stockholm, Sweden.
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Cairo, Egypt.
Imperial College London. London, UK.
National Health Laboratory Service. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Johannesburg, South Africa / University of the Witwatersrand. Faculty of Health Sciences. School of Pathology. Johannesburg, South Africa.
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
UK Health Security Agency. London, UK
National Centre for Infectious Diseases. Singapore, Singapore.
World Organisation for Animal Health. Paris, France.
Stellenbosch University. Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation. Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Charité Medical Center. Berlin, Germany.
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
University of Western Australia. Perth, WA, Australia.
United Nations. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, Italy.
Université Cheikh Anta Diop. Institut de Santé et Développement. Dakar, Senegal.
National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Bethesda, MD, USA.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
Redeemer's University. African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease. Ede, Nigeria.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.
University of Basel. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. Basel, Switzerland / Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Lausanne, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Manila, the Philippines.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
National Centre for Infectious Diseases. Singapore, Singapore.
The University of Hong Kong. LKS Faculty of Medicine. School of Public Health. Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA, USA.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark.
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas. Washington, DC, USA.
American University of Beirut. Faculty of Health Sciences. Beirut, Lebanon.
National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Bethesda, MD, USA.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark.
World Health Organization Regional Office for South East Asia. Delhi, India.
Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany.
Imperial College London. London, UK / The Pirbright Institute. Woking, UK.
The University of Hong Kong. LKS Faculty of Medicine. School of Public Health. Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Beijing, The People's Republic of China.
The University of Hong Kong. LKS Faculty of Medicine. School of Public Health. Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, UK.
Child Health Research Foundation. Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Fudan University. Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. Shanghai, The People's Republic of China.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais. Laboratório de Referência Nacional e Internacional para Infecções Respiratórias, Exantemáticas e Síndromes do Sistema Nervoso Central. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Imperial College London. London, UK.
Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
University of Bern. Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases. Bern, Switzerland / Mittelhäusern and Bern. Institute of Virology and Immunology. Bern, Switzerland.
Institut Pasteur Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia.
Université Paris Cité. Institut Pasteur. Paris, France.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland / Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Erasmus Medical Centre. Rotterdam, the Netherlands / Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Research Centre. Rotterdamt, the Netherlands.
National Health Laboratory Service. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Johannesburg, South Africa / University of the Witwatersrand. Faculty of Health Sciences. School of Pathology. Johannesburg, South Africa.
Ashoka University. Trivedi School of Biosciences. Sonipat, India.
World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 variants have been designated as variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) on the basis of their potential to replace previously circulating variants and cause new waves of increased transmission globally; such variants may require adjustments in public health responses. During the first two years of the pandemic, four VOCs and eight VOIs were designated by the World Health Organization (WHO), and these were overall closely related to the index virus.
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