Background: Rapid tests for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) can facilitate accessto diagnosis.Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of rapid tests for anti-HCV detection in thesera, whole blood, and oral fluid samples from individuals with different endemicity profiles and riskbehaviors.Study design: Three groups donated biological samples that were tested using three anti-HCV rapid tests(WAMA, Bioeasy and OraSure): (I) suspected cases of hepatitis C, (II) individuals who were living inremote areas in Brazil and (III) crack users and beauty professionals. Reproducibility, repeatability andcross-reactivity to other infectious agents (dengue, HIV, malaria, and syphilis) were also evaluated.Results: In group I, specificities varied from 93.75% to 100% and sensitivities varied from 76.03% to 93.84%according to the EIA results. When anti-HCV/HCV RNA-reactive sera samples were considered true-positive HCV cases, the sensitivities and specificities varied from 86.3% to 99.09% and 93.75% to 100%,respectively. In group II, the OraSure rapid test presented the best performance. In group III, the Bioeasyassay performed best using saliva and whole blood and the OraSure assay performed best using oral fluidsamples. The reproducibility and repeatability of the WAMA and Bioeasy tests were excellent. The levelof concordance between the HCV EIAs and the rapid tests using samples that were reactive for otherinfectious agents varied from 82.35% to 100% for the WAMA assay and 94.11% to 100% for the Bioeasyassay.Conclusion: All of the rapid tests could be used to identify active HCV infection among individuals withdifferent endemicity profiles and risk behaviors.