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ORIGIN AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A NOVEL HIV-1 SUBTYPE G CLADE CIRCULATING IN CAPE VERDE AND PORTUGAL
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Universidade de Cabo Verde. Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia. Praia, Santiago, Cabo Verde.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype G is the most prevalent and
second most prevalent HIV-1 clade in Cape Verde and Portugal, respectively; but there is
no information about the origin and spatiotemporal dispersal pattern of this HIV-1 clade
circulating in those countries. To this end, we used Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian coalescent-based
methods to analyze a collection of 578 HIV-1 subtype G pol sequences sampled
throughout Portugal, Cape Verde and 11 other countries from West and Central Africa
over a period of 22 years (1992 to 2013). Our analyses indicate that most subtype G sequences
from Cape Verde (80%) and Portugal (95%) branched together in a distinct monophyletic
cluster (here called GCV-PT). The GCV-PT clade probably emerged after a single
migration of the virus out of Central Africa into Cape Verde between the late 1970s and the
middle 1980s, followed by a rapid dissemination to Portugal a couple of years later. Reconstruction
of the demographic history of the GCV-PT clade circulating in Cape Verde and Portugal
indicates that this viral clade displayed an initial phase of exponential growth during
the 1980s and 1990s, followed by a decline in growth rate since the early 2000s. Our data
also indicate that during the exponential growth phase the GCV-PT clade recombined with a
preexisting subtype B viral strain circulating in Portugal, originating the CRF14_BG clade
that was later disseminated to Spain and Cape Verde. Historical and recent human population
movements between Angola, Cape Verde and Portugal probably played a key role in
the origin and dispersal of the GCV-PT and CRF14_BG clades.
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