The concept of health promotion, which is based on social determinants, is aligned with principles of human rights such as social participation, accountability, transparency and non-discrimination. The Human Right to Water and Sanitation (HRWS) was approved in 2010 by the United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Council and it aims to ensure access to water and sanitation, without discrimination, for all. This article aims to analyze how the human rights framework, and more specifically the HRWS, can be used to strengthen the health promotion of vulnerable groups. The article begins by presenting the relationship between health and human rights. It then demonstrates how the concept of social vulnerability is based on human rights and, finally, it shows the relationship between the HRWS and the promotion of the health of vulnerable groups.