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FAST SURVEILLANCE RESPONSE REVEALS THE INTRODUCTION OF A NEW YELLOW FEVER VIRUS SUB-LINEAGE IN 2021, IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL
Arbovirus
Flavivírus
Primatas não humanos
Epizootia
Smartphone
MinION
Author
Affilliation
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, the yellow fever virus (YFV) is maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving wild mosquitoes and nonhuman
primates (NHPs). The virus is endemic to the Amazon region; however, waves of epidemic expansion reaching other
Brazilian states sporadically occur, eventually causing spillovers to humans.
OBJECTIVES To report a surveillance effort that led to the first confirmation of YFV in NHPs in the state of Minas Gerais (MG),
Southeast region, in 2021.
METHODS A surveillance network was created, encompassing the technology of smartphone applications and coordinated
actions of several research institutions and health services to monitor and investigate NHP epizootics.
FINDINGS When alerts were spread through the network, samples from NHPs were collected and YFV infection confirmed
by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and genome sequencing at an interval of only 10
days. Near-complete genomes were generated using the Nanopore MinION sequencer. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that viral
genomes were related to the South American genotype I, clustering with a genome detected in the Amazon region (state of Pará)
in 2017, named YFVPA/MG sub-lineage. Fast YFV confirmation potentialised vaccination campaigns.
MAIN CONCLUSIONS A new YFV introduction was detected in MG 6 years after the beginning of the major outbreak reported
in the state (2015-2018). The YFV strain was not related to the sub-lineages previously reported in MG. No human cases have
been reported, suggesting the importance of coordinated surveillance of NHPs using available technologies and supporting
laboratories to ensure a quick response and implementation of contingency measures to avoid YFV spillover to humans.
Keywords in Portuguese
Vírus da febre amarelaArbovirus
Flavivírus
Primatas não humanos
Epizootia
Smartphone
MinION
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